Metakaolin as Mineral Admixture for Cement-based Composites

Cement with Fly Ash and Metakaolin Blend—Drive towards a More Sustainable Construction

“…Based on the concept [8] that the effectiveness of mineral additives in cement system is influenced by their surface energy and pozzolanic activity, the corresponding characteristics of these properties were studied.…”

“…The powders' wetting heat as one of the criteria of surface energy was determined by the calorimetric method in water (Q 1 ) and benzene (Q 2 ) [8] with the determination of the hydrophilicity coefficient…”

“…A smooth increase in plastic strength throughout the first section of plastograms (Figure 5) corresponds to the period of the coagulation structure formation [8,31]. The particles of the mineral admixture form coagulation contacts with the hydrated cement particles.…”

“…The compressive strength of cement in 28 days with the addition of 70% AMAd reaches 60 MPa, i.e., by 20% better than cement without additives. The most significant effects of the interaction of factors X 1 and X 4 , X 2 and X 4 show that with an increase in the MK content in the AMAd composition, as well as the AMAd filling degree of binder filling degree, it is advisable to simultaneously increase the superplasticizer concentration to increase its strength [34].…”

“…The big advantage of fly ash as an active additive in cement concretes is its low water requirement. The introduction of ash into concrete mixture, unlike other active mineral additives, does not worsen, but, as a rule, improves the workability [8].…”