“…While metacognitive judgments about to-be-learned stimuli (judgments of learning) have received much attention for some decades (e.g., Begg et al, 1989 ; Koriat, 1997 ) and still do so (e.g., Besken & Mulligan, 2014 ; Frank & Kuhlmann, 2017 ; Schaper et al, 2019 ; Undorf & Erdfelder, 2015 ), metacognitive judgments about to-be-ignored stimuli (judgments of distraction) have received considerably less attention (but see Ellermeier & Zimmer, 1997 ; Hanczakowski et al, 2017 , 2018 ; Röer et al, 2017 ). However, metacognitive judgments about the effects of task-irrelevant stimuli on performance are of applied relevance because they have a strong influence on how people design their work and learning environments.…”