Metacognition and fluid intelligence in value-directed remembering

Murphy, Dillon H; Agadzhanyan, Karina; Whatley, Mary C.; Castel, Alan D.

doi:10.1007/s11409-021-09265-9

Cited by 25 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…This is especially pronounced when older adults attempt to remember associative information more explicitly, and may or may not use an effective strategy at encoding (such as imagery or creating a mediator to link word pairs), leading to a deficit during retrieval and failure to use cues from encoding to facilitate retrieval operations (Hertzog et al, 2013). In the present work, we examined item-based encoding and retrieval, such that the items were paired with values, which may engage metacognitive processes (see Murphy, Agadzhanyan, et al, 2021) that encourage older adults to focus on high-value words and also prioritise these words during retrieval, leading to their increased selectivity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the location of words in a studied list, the objective (associated point values or reward that is paired with words by the experimenter) value of an item can also influence recall probability (Castel et al, 2002; Elliott et al, 2020; Murphy, Agadzhanyan, et al, 2021). Value-directed remembering tasks pair to-be-remembered items with point values to evaluate how participants use value to guide the encoding and retrieval processes by measuring memory capacity (number of words recalled) and selectivity (the recall of high-value items relative to low-value items).…”

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confidence: 99%

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The role of attention and ageing in the retrieval dynamics of value-directed remembering

Murphy

Castel

2021

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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For memory to be efficient, people need to remember important information. This involves selective encoding and retrieval operations to maximize the recall of valuable information at the expense of less important information. While past research has examined this in terms of strategic encoding operations, we investigated differences in the dynamics of retrieval in value-directed remembering tasks with younger adults under full and divided attention during encoding as well as in older adults. Participants typically initiated recall with the first presented, last presented, or highest-valued words and also strategically organized retrieval according to information value such that high-value words tended to be recalled before low-value words. However, the average value of older adults’ first recalled word was greater than that of younger adults, likely contributing to their enhanced selectivity. Additionally, there were no differences in lag-conditional-response probabilities in younger adults under full or divided attention but older adults showed impairments in the retrieval of items sharing contextual features with nearby items while younger adults relied more on temporal-contextual cues to recall words. Together, the present study suggests that both strategic encoding and strategic retrieval operations contribute to selectivity for valuable information and older adults may be able to maximize retrieval operations despite displaying impairments in temporal binding during encoding and an overall recall deficit.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

The role of attention and ageing in the retrieval dynamics of value-directed remembering

Murphy

Castel

2021

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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“…Instead, it may be driven by more effective learning and subsequent recollection of high-value items due to better encoding strategies (Hennessee et al, 2017(Hennessee et al, , 2019. With task experience, participants learn to modify their encoding strategies to direct more cognitive resources to high-value words across the study-test cycles (Cohen et al, 2017;Murphy et al, 2021). Several fMRI studies have used variants of the VDR paradigm and revealed that activation in the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and left posterior lateral temporal is associated with memory selectivity, which demonstrates a lateralized neural mechanism for value-based memory enhancement that is separate from the midbrain reward system (Cohen et al, 2014(Cohen et al, , 2016.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishing a causal role for left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in value-directed memory encoding with high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation

Han

Cohen

et al. 2023

Preprint

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One critical approach for promoting the efficiency of memory is to adopt selective encoding strategies to prioritize more valuable information. Past neuroimaging studies have shown that value-directed modulation of verbal memory depends heavily on engagement of left-lateralized semantic processing regions, particularly in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC). In the present study, we used high-definition direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) to seek evidence for a causal role of left VLPFC in supporting the memory advantage for high-value items. Three groups of healthy young adult participants were presented with lists of words to remember, with each word accompanied by an arbitrarily assigned point value. During the first session, all participants received sham stimulation as they encoded five lists of 30 words each. Two of these lists were immediately tested with free recall, with feedback given to allow participants to develop metacognitive insight and strategies to maximize their point total. The second session had the exact same structure as the first, but the groups differed in whether they received continued sham stimulation (N=22) or anodal stimulation of the left VLPFC (N=21) or right VLPFC (N=20). Those lists not tested with immediate recall were tested with recognition judgments after a one-day delay. Since no brain stimulation was applied during this Day 2 test, any performance differences can be attributed to the effects of stimulation on Day 1 encoding processes. Anodal stimulation of left VLPFC significantly boosted participants' memory encoding selectivity. In comparison, no such effect was seen in participants who received right VLPFC or sham stimulation. Estimates of recollection- and familiarity-based responding revealed that left VLPFC stimulation specifically amplified the effects of item value on recollection. These results demonstrate a causal role for left VLPFC in the implementation of selective value-directed encoding strategies, putatively by boosting deep semantic processing of high-value words. Our findings also provide further evidence on the hemispheric lateralization of value-directed verbal memory encoding.

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“…First introduced by Arbuckle and Cuddy (1969), metacognitive monitoring is often evaluated via judgments of the likelihood of later remembering information, also known as a "judgment of learning" (JOLs; see Rhodes, 2016, for a review). When JOLs are sensitive to cues that affect memory performance and unaffected by those that have minimal effects, metacognitive monitoring assessments are generally accurate (e.g., Murphy et al, 2021). However, when JOLs do not match learning, this dissociation can provide important theoretical and practical insights (see Yang et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of perceptual processing fluency and value on metacognition and remembering

et al. 2021

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Previous research has indicated that perceptual processing fluency significantly affects metacognitive predictions of performance but not learning outcomes. In the present study, we examined the differential impact of perceptual processing fluency and an item's value on metacognition and recall. We presented participants with words visually and audibly, with each word paired with a point value counting towards participants' scores if recalled. The words were either highly perceptually fluent (large font, loud volume) or less perceptually fluent (small font, low volume). Results revealed that both metacognitive monitoring (JOLs) and recall were sensitive to perceptual processing fluency as well as value, but the magnitude of the effect of value was significantly greater than that of font size. Specifically, high-value words were better remembered than low-value words, regardless of fluency, and participants' judgments mapped onto their selectivity for valuable information. Thus, the current study revealed the differential effects of intrinsic and extrinsic cues on metacognitive monitoring and later remembering such that the cues that can influence monitoring in certain encoding conditions become less impactful when pitted against other intrinsic cues in different encoding conditions.

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Metacognition and fluid intelligence in value-directed remembering

Cited by 25 publications

References 59 publications

The role of attention and ageing in the retrieval dynamics of value-directed remembering

The role of attention and ageing in the retrieval dynamics of value-directed remembering

Establishing a causal role for left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in value-directed memory encoding with high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation

The effect of perceptual processing fluency and value on metacognition and remembering

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