Metachronal motion of artificial magnetic cilia

Hanasoge, Srinivas; Hesketh, Peter J.; Alexeev, Alexander

doi:10.1039/c8sm00549d

Cited by 62 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…These bioinspired soft devices can also enable unprecedented microfluidic functionalities for lab-ona-chip (24,25) and other bioengineering applications (26). So far, many small-scale artificial cilia (27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33) have been proposed for emulating motions produced by biological cilia arrays. However, at smalllength scales, designing and controlling both the complex individual ciliary motion and the overall coordinated dynamics within collec-tive artificial cilia arrays pose an enormous conceptual challenge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This may be due to the challenge of controlling locally distributed magnetic fields at small scales. Recent works have proposed several ways to experimentally create metachronal coordination including using the length-dependent buckling motions of paramagnetic sheets (30) and magnetic anisotropy in paramagnetic rods (31) or ferromagnetic rod arrays (33). However, these existing works have focused on the fabrication methods and only demonstrated simple fluid pumping with non-optimized designs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bioinspired cilia arrays with programmable nonreciprocal motion and metachronal coordination

et al. 2020

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Coordinated nonreciprocal dynamics in biological cilia is essential to many living systems, where the emergentmetachronal waves of cilia have been hypothesized to enhance net fluid flows at low Reynolds numbers (Re). Experimental investigation of this hypothesis is critical but remains challenging. Here, we report soft miniature devices with both ciliary nonreciprocal motion and metachronal coordination and use them to investigate the quantitative relationship between metachronal coordination and the induced fluid flow. We found that only antiplectic metachronal waves with specific wave vectors could enhance fluid flows compared with the synchronized case. These findings further enable various bioinspired cilia arrays with unique functionalities of pumping and mixing viscous synthetic and biological complex fluids at low Re. Our design method and developed soft miniature devices provide unprecedented opportunities for studying ciliary biomechanics and creating cilia-inspired wireless microfluidic pumping, object manipulation and lab- and organ-on-a-chip devices, mobile microrobots, and bioengineering systems.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioinspired cilia arrays with programmable nonreciprocal motion and metachronal coordination

et al. 2020

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“…Moreover, the phase difference between neighboring magnetic cilia is difficult to control, due to the spatial homogeneity of magnetic fields. For this reason, researchers proposed an array of different cilia with increasing length to be able to form metachronal motion. Overall, magnetic cilia are a good candidate for creating biomimetic fluidic propulsion, but they do not allow to unravel the effects of the various asymmetries and are therefore limited in the ability of studying the mechanism behind the fluid transport.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Soft Cilia with Asymmetric Beating Patterns for Biomimetic Low‐Reynolds‐Number Fluid Propulsion

Milana

Gorissen

Peerlinck

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

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In nature, liquid propulsion in low-Reynolds-number regimes is often achieved by arrays of beating cilia with various forms of motion asymmetry. In particular, spatial asymmetry, where the cilia follow a different trajectory in their effective and recovery strokes, is an efficient way of generating flow in low Reynolds regimes. However, this type of asymmetry is difficult to mimic and control artificially. In this paper, an artificial soft cilium that comprises two pneumatic actuators that can be controlled individually is developed. These two independent degrees of freedom allow for the first time adjustment and study of spatial asymmetry in the cilium's beating pattern. Using low-Reynolds-number flow measurements, it is confirmed that spatial asymmetry allows for the generation of fluid propulsion. These twodegree-of-freedom soft cilia provide a platform to study ciliary fluid transport mechanisms and to mimic biologic viscous propulsion.The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201900462. of a single cilium as well as for whole cilia arrays. For a single cilium, orientational, temporal, and spatial asymmetry can be distinguished, [6] where the latter has the highest impact on low Reynolds fluid propulsion. Spatial asymmetry, where the cilium tip describes a different path during the effective and recovery stroke, is quantified by the swept area; the larger the area, the higher the net flow. [7] At the array level, an additional type of asymmetry has been observed, metachronal asymmetry, which is characterized by a phase difference between neighboring cilia [8] that gives rise to a global wave-like movement.With the development of microsystem technology, artificial cilia can now be fabricated and are foreseen to find applications in microrobotic devices, such as microswimmers, [9,10] microsensors, [11] micropumps, [12][13][14] and micromixers. [15][16][17][18] The vast majority of artificial cilia consist of microactuators that are incorporated in silicone rubber pillars or plate-like flexible structures in order to mimic the biological hair-like design. Current actuation methods include electric fields, [15] magnetic fields, [19][20][21][22][23] vibrations, [24,25] mechanical forces, [26] or pressurized fluids. [27,28] However, asymmetric motion remains the most challenging feature to mimic in artificial cilia systems. In nature, nonreciprocal beating is achieved by a change in bending stiffness between the effective and recovery stroke: [29] A higher stiffness is observed during the fast effective stroke, where the cilium does not deform significantly, whereas in the slower recovery phase the cilium has a lower stiffness and tends to be deformed by the drag forces. To mimic such an asymmetric motion, the artificial cilium needs at least two deformation modes that need to be sequentially addressed. This can be achieved through elastic instabilities, [7] the interaction between elastic, viscous, and actuation forces, [26,30] or a multise...

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“…Flexible magnetic filaments are interesting for different applications, microfluidic mixing [1] and transport [2], sensors [3], creating self-propelling magnetic microdevices and others [4]. For these applications interesting are ferromagnetic filaments, which may be created by linking ferromagnetic microparticles [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deformation of flexible ferromagnetic filaments under a rotating magnetic field

Zaben

Kitenbergs

Cēbers

2020

Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

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A B S T R A C TResearch on magnetic particles dispersed in a fluid medium, actuated by a rotating magnetic field, is becoming increasingly active for both lab-on-chip and bio-sensing applications. In this study, we experimentally investigate the behaviour of ferromagnetic filaments in a rotating field. Filaments are synthesized by linking micron-sized ferromagnetic particles with DNA strands. The experiments were conducted under different magnetic field strengths, frequencies and filament sizes, and deformation of the filaments was registered via microscope and camera. The results obtained showed that the body deformation is larger for longer filaments and higher frequencies and lower for larger magnetic field. The angle between the filament tangent at the centre and the magnetic field direction increases linearly with frequency at low-frequency regime. A further increase in the frequency will result in filament movement out of plane when the angle approaches 90 degrees. The experimental results were used to estimate magnetic moment and the bending elasticity of the filament.

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Metachronal motion of artificial magnetic cilia

Cited by 62 publications

References 33 publications

Bioinspired cilia arrays with programmable nonreciprocal motion and metachronal coordination

Bioinspired cilia arrays with programmable nonreciprocal motion and metachronal coordination

Artificial Soft Cilia with Asymmetric Beating Patterns for Biomimetic Low‐Reynolds‐Number Fluid Propulsion

Deformation of flexible ferromagnetic filaments under a rotating magnetic field

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