MetaChain: A Novel Blockchain-based Framework for Metaverse Applications

Abstract

Decoding brain signals can not only reveal Metaverse users' expectations but also early detect error-related behaviors such as stress, drowsiness, and motion sickness. For that, this article proposes a pioneering framework using wireless/overthe-air Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) to assist creation of virtual avatars as human representation in the Metaverse. Specifically, to eliminate the computational burden for Metaverse users' devices, we leverage Wireless Edge Servers (WES) that are popular in 5G architecture and therein URLLC, enhanced broadband features to obtain and process the brain activities, i.e., electroencephalography (EEG) signals (via uplink wireless channels). As a result, the WES can learn human behaviors, adapt system configurations, and allocate radio resources to create individualized settings and enhance user experiences. Despite the potential of BCI, the inherent noisy/fading wireless channels and the uncertainty in Metaverse users' demands and behaviors make the related resource allocation and learning/classification problems particularly challenging. We formulate the joint learning and resource allocation problem as a Quality-of-Experience (QoE) maximization problem that takes into the latency, brain classification accuracy, and resources of the system. To tackle this mixed integer programming problem, we then propose two novel algorithms that are (i) a hybrid learning algorithm to maximize the user QoE and (ii) a meta-learning algorithm to exploit the neurodiversity of the brain signals among multiple Metaverse users. The extensive experiment results with different BCI datasets show that our proposed algorithms can not only provide low delay for virtual reality (VR) applications but also can achieve high classification accuracy for the collected brain signals.

Metaverse for Healthcare: A Survey on Potential Applications, Challenges and Future Directions

“…The blockchain-based Metaverse lets people access any digital space without the involvement of any central institution. Authentic and high-quality data collecting will be made easier with the help of blockchain technology in the Metaverse [109]. The immutability and transparency features of the blockchain will ensure that the Metaverse's enormous data is stored and managed securely [110].…”

Metaverse as a Platform for Event Management: The Sample of the Metaverse Türkiye E-Magazine

“…Using the information on gaming platforms can cause problems such as identity theft. To avoid such problems, suggestions are made about choosing game platforms based on blockchain technology (Nguyen et al, 2021). Visual representations of scenes on game platforms in Metaverse can offer a simple but effective simulation environment.…”

D2R2: Distributed and Dynamic Reputation based Resource Allocation in Metaverse

“…The authors in [17] proposed a sharding scheme to improve the complex interactions between a VSP and a group of MUs in a blockchain-based Metaverse architecture. The authors developed a Stackelberg game theory based incentive mechanism considering the MUs' contributions in terms of computing power to the Metaverse.…”

“…On the other hand, the work in [14] considered resource allocation among the VSPs and computing resources i.e., cloud. The work in [17] considered the resource allocation among VSPs and MUs to improve the scalability of blockchain in Metaverse, the work in [18] considered the user association and resource pricing problem among MUs and VSPs. On the other hand, the work in [19] studied the interaction among the VSPs and the network infrastructure providers (InPs) considering the utility of the VSPs as a function of QoE of the MUs.…”