Metabolomics investigation of exercise-modulated changes in metabolism in rat liver after exhaustive and endurance exercises

Abstract

Exhaustive exercise and endurance exercise training modify the physiological status of the body differently. The present study aimed to evaluate the alteration in biochemical composition with exhaustive and endurance exercises in rats using metabolomics strategy. The metabolite profile of liver tissue was investigated on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Data further underwent partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to compare the effects on metabolites in sedentary control, exhaustively exercised and endurance trained rats. GC-MS detected 115 highly reproducible peaks in chromatograms from individual liver tissue extracts, and we identified 55 of them. The three groups showed significant differences in metabolic profile. Changes in liver metabolism involved metabolites such as amino acids, fatty acids, organic acids, and carbohydrates. Endurance training elevated the greater rate of tricarboxylic acid cycle and antioxidant activity, and exhaustive exercise led to accumulated urea markers and an inflammation response in liver. In addition, GC-MS-based metabolomic analysis is a promising tool to investigate a pathological status with different exercise programs.

IL-6 deficiency in mice neither impairs induction of metabolic genes in the liver nor affects blood glucose levels during fasting and moderately intense exercise

“…Therefore if IL-6-deficient mice were forced to run till exhaustion, it is possible that lack of IL-6 would result in impaired adaptation of hepatic glucose metabolism to intense and prolonged exercise. However, more rigorous exercise conditions could also lead to hepatic tissue damage and infiltration of inflammatory cells [32], which could stimulate IL-6 production in intrahepatic cells and induce IL-6-mediated tissue repair mechanisms [33]. Il6 −/− mice have defective liver repair mechanisms and blunted induction of genes involved in cell cycle progression, liver growth and maintenance of metabolic homeostasis, including gluconeogenetic enzyme genes and Igfbp1 after partial hepatectomy [11,34,35].…”

High-intensity training induces EIB in rats through neuron transdifferentiation of adrenal medulla chromaffin cells

“…To establish a protocol for exhaustive exercise, rats were placed on a treadmill beginning at 15 m/min, and the speed was increased gradually until it reached a final speed of 35 m/min. Exhaustion was defined as the loss of a rat's righting reflex due to extensive exercise (the rat being unable to upright itself when placed on its back) as previously described with little modification (17). The time required for rats to reach exhaustion was used to verify the efficacy of different intensity training regimen.…”

Chronic caloric restriction partially protects against age-related alteration in serum metabolome

“…Global metabolomics strategies have been widely applied to study cancer, diabetes, neurological diseases, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, effects of nutrition and exercise, and for drug discovery and development (Nagrath et al 2011;Barderas et al 2011;Wishart 2008;Rezzi et al 2007;Kim et al 2010;Lewis et al 2010;Huang et al 2010;Mishur and Rea 2012). This methodology has also been applied in aging studies in several species including Caenorhabditis elegans, fruit fly, rodents, dogs, and humans (Kristal and Shurubor 2005;Mishur and Rea 2012).…”