Metabolomics and transcriptomics reveal the toxicity of difenoconazole to the early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Metabolic disturbance in hippocampus and liver of mice: A primary response to imidacloprid exposure

“…Metabolomics, acting as end points of gene expression and functional protein actions, provides a direct "functional readout of the physiological state" of an organism which facilitates to better understand the toxicant-induced responses and discover biomarkers 23,24 . Recently, a large number of literatures have described metabolomics studies in toxic effects induced by environmental pollutants, such as perfluorinated compounds 25,26 , pesticide residues 27,28 , heavy metals 29 , and nanoparticles 30 . Tufi et al 28 employed metabolomics to explore IMI-induced toxicity in the central nervous system of the freshwater snail and pointed out a disruption of neuronal metabolism.…”

Incorporating lines of evidence from New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) to reduce uncertainties in a category based read-across: A case study for repeated dose toxicity

“…Taken together, conazoles might have multiple modes of action in regard to affecting reproductive development. Evidences have been presented by in vivo rodent studies (Menegola et al 2005), as well as in vitro zebrafish assays (Teng et al 2018). Specific teratogenic effects were observed in Xenopus embryos (Groppelli et al 2005) and rodents (Menegola et al 2005).…”

“…Numerous potential mechanisms underlying azoles toxicity have been put forward, including impairment of glycolysis and fatty acid metabolism (Hermsen et al 2012), alteration in cholesterol synthesis (Goetz and Dix, 2009), disruption in steroid biosynthesis and retinol metabolism (Marotta and Tiboni, 2010), alteration of calcium signaling pathways and cardiac muscle contraction (Liu et al 2017) and disruption of energy metabolism (Teng et al 2018). Combined, the ability of these compounds to interfere with hormone synthesis and drug metabolism, as precursor to endocrine disruption, hepatotoxicity and developmental toxicity, raises very serious concerns on human health.…”

Impact of temperature on the toxicity of Kraft 36 EC® (a.s. abamectin) and Score 250 EC® (a.s. difenoconazole) to soil organisms under realistic environmental exposure scenarios

“…The toxicity of difenoconazole to invertebrates, such as F. candida, remains unknown, since few studies have been carried out with this group of organisms (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2016). Regarding vertebrates, experiments with fish (Danio rerio) indicate that the toxic effects result from a specific mode of action and are not related, therefore, to systemic toxicity (Teng et al, 2018).…”