Metabolomic Profiling of Carotenoid Constituents in Physalis peruviana During Different Growth Stages by LC‐MS/MS Technology

Abstract

With the current ongoing changes in global food demands, natural carotenoids are preferred by consumers and are gaining attention among food scientists and producers alike. Metabolomic profiling of carotenoid constituents in Physalis peruviana during distinct on-tree growth stages was performed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technology. The results show that the β rings of β-carotene are hydroxylated with great efficiency, and there is a continual synthesis of zeaxanthin at half-ripe and full-ripe stages, which is confirmed by relating the zeaxanthin content to that of its precursor (β-carotene). Lutein was, in terms of mass intensity, the most abundant carotenoid constituent (64.61 µg/g at the half-ripe stage) observed in this study. In addition, γ -carotene, which is rare in dietary fruits and vegetables, was detected in the mature and breaker stages, albeit at a relatively low level. The results suggest that when we consider the variation in carotenoid content during different growth stages, Physalis peruviana can be considered a good source of natural carotenoids.

Ethnotherapeutic Uses and Phytochemical Composition of Physalis peruviana L.: An Overview

“…The synthesis of phytoene is necessary for that of carotenoids in plants. The biosynthetic pathway from phytoene to violaxanthin is common to the genus Physalis [ 70 ]. Furthermore, carotenoid pigments from different species of the Physalis genus are primarily used in the food industry as food dyes for fats and oils.…”

Effect of Salt Stress on Growth and Metabolite Profiles of Cape Gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) along Three Growth Stages

“…The LC-MS-derived raw data were pre-processed with Mzmine 2.2 (Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA) to perform the typical data pre-treatment comprising feature detection, deconvolution, filtering, deisotopization, gap-filling, gap-filled, alignment, and normalization to get list of individualized features and their peak areas [ 68 ]. Feature annotations were initially performed after detailed scrutiny of the MS data combined with ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectra of VIP-selected most contrasting metabolites ( 1 – 28 , Table A2 ), in comparison to the chemical characteristics previously reported to Physalis species [ 16 , 32 , 33 ] and the information registered in the dictionary of natural products and the metlin database [ 69 , 70 ]. The highly sPLS-DA top-ranked compounds ( 2, 6 – 9, 14, and 23 ) were finally identified using authentic standards.…”

“…These three treatments and control group reached their maximum %CG values until fourth week (> 88%), exhibiting no significant differences (p > 0.05) between them according to the post hoc Tukey's honest significance difference (HSD) test (Figure 1). There are several studies that have investigated the metabolite variations of P. peruviana via LC-MS methods [32][33][34], and to the best of our knowledge, only one NMR-based study [16]. However, there is no previous study that has focused on the study of the metabolic response to salt stress along different substages of cape gooseberry plants, which constitutes the novelty of the present study.…”

“…There are several studies that have investigated the metabolite variations of P. peruviana via LC-MS methods [ 32 , 33 , 34 ], and to the best of our knowledge, only one NMR-based study [ 16 ]. However, there is no previous study that has focused on the study of the metabolic response to salt stress along different substages of cape gooseberry plants, which constitutes the novelty of the present study.…”

Linking Omics and Gene Editing Tools for Rapid Improvement of Traditional Food Plants for Diversified Foods and Sustainable Food Security

“…profiling revealed amino acid content, malic acid content, fatty acids & phosphate content[191].2. Genome sequencing revealedPreprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: most abundant carotenoid (64.61 µg/g at the halfripe stage) and presence of gamma carotenoid (rare in fruits)[272].…”