Metabolomic Profiling and Immunomodulatory Activity of a Polyherbal Combination in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Mice

Abstract

The study was aimed to develop a characterized polyherbal combination as an immunomodulator containing Phyllanthus emblica L., Piper nigrum L., Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, and Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. Through response surface methodology (RSM), the ratio of aqueous extracts of four plant materials was optimized and comprised 49.76% of P. emblica, 1.35% of P. nigrum, 5.41% of W. somnifera, and 43.43% of T. cordifolia for optimum immunomodulatory activity. The optimized combination showed antioxidant potential and contains more than 180 metabolites, out of which gallic acid, quercetin, ellagic acid, caffeic acid, kaempferitrin, and p-coumaric acid are some common and significant metabolites found in plant extracts and in polyherbal combination. Treatment with the polyherbal combination of different doses in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice significantly (p < 0.01) enhanced the subsets of immune cells such as natural killer (NK) cells (60%), B cells (18%), CD4 cells (14%), and CD8 cells (7%). The characterized polyherbal combination exhibited potent immunomodulatory activity, which can be further explored clinically for its therapeutic applicability.

Metabolomic Profiling and Identification of Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Compounds from Leaves of Different Varieties of Morus alba Linn Grown in Kashmir

“…The free radical scavenging potential of the extracts was determined by a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. 17 A solution of 0.1 mM of DPPH in methanol was prepared, and 1.5 mL of this solution was mixed with 0.5 mL of different concentrations of sample extract (100–500 μg/mL). Furthermore, the reaction mixture was left in a dark place for 30 min, and finally, the absorbance of the mixture was measured at 517 nm in a UV–visible spectrophotometer.…”

“…The free radical scavenging potential of the extracts was determined by a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay . A solution of 0.1 mM of DPPH in methanol was prepared, and 1.5 mL of this solution was mixed with 0.5 mL of different concentrations of sample extract (100–500 μg/mL).…”

An outlook on the target‐based molecular mechanism of phytoconstituents as immunomodulators

“…Pathak and Khandelwal (2009) Enhanced NK cells, CD4, CD8, and B cell subset. Zahiruddin et al (2022) In vivo Pepper, amla, and turmeric, in combination, ameliorated TNF-α and IL-6.…”

“…Shruthi et al (2018) In vitro Increases NK cells, CD4, CD8, and B cell subset. Zahiruddin et al (2022) In vitro and ex vivo study Upregulated IFN-Υ , TNF-α and downregulated IL-4 and IL-10 due to the presence of gallic acid in Cocculus hirsutus (CHP) and "Amarbel" (Cuscuta reflexa "CRA") plants. Singh et al (2022) In vivo Gallic acid nanoparticles reduced IL-6 and increased IFN-γ.…”

“…In vitro Enhanced NK cells, CD4, CD8, and B cell subset. Zahiruddin et al (2022) Clinical studies Improve distress of lung reported in SARS-COV-2 Bhattacharyya (2021)…”