Metabolites from Clonostachys Fungi and Their Biological Activities

Abstract

Clonostachys (teleomorph: Bionectria) fungi are well known to produce a variety of secondary metabolites with various biological activities to show their pharmaceutical and agrochemical applications. Up to now, at least 229 secondary metabolites, mainly including 84 nitrogen-containing metabolites, 85 polyketides, 40 terpenoids, and 20 other metabolites, have been reported. Many of these compounds exhibit biological activities, such as cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antileishmanial, antimalarial activities. This mini-review aims to summarize the diversity of the secondary metabolites as well as their occurrences in Clonostachys fungi and biological activities.

Recent Advances in Sorbicillinoids from Fungi and Their Bioactivities (Covering 2016–2021)

“…Fungal sorbicillinoids were studied extensively from 2016 to 2021. Apart from the discovery of new sorbicillinoids and clarification of their biological activities and action mechanisms, other related studies include biosynthetic gene clusters [6], biosynthetic pathways and their related enzymes [5,24,[62][63][64][65], relevant regulatory mechanisms [7,25,[66][67][68], biochemical engineering to increase the production of sorbicillinoids [59], chemoenzymatic synthesis [69], development of chemical synthesis methods [70], and applications of sor-bicillinoids in the agriculture, pharmaceutical, and food industries [37,60,61]. Among them, the most promising is clarification of the Diels-Alder reactions during the biosynthesis of sorbicillinoids.…”

“…In total, 69 sorbicillinoids have been isolated since 2016. They have mainly been found in plant endophytic, marine-derived, extremophilic, phytopathogenic fungi, and soil-derived fungi, mainly from the genera of Acremonium, Aspergillus, Clonostachys, Penicillium, Ustilaginoidea, and Verticillium [4,5]. All these fungi belong to the ascomycetes.…”

“…(R)-vertinolide (37) differs in stereochemistry from (S)-vertinolide isolated from Verticillium intertextum [23]. (−)-(S)-dihydrovertinolide (38) was isolated from the endophytic fungus Clonostachys rosea B5-2, which was isolated from the mangrove plant Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, collected in the coast of Santolo Garut Beach, West-Java, Indonesia [5,22].…”

Comparative Small RNA and Degradome Sequencing Provides Insights into Antagonistic Interactions in the Biocontrol Fungus Clonostachys rosea

“…Therefore, certain strains of C. rosea are commercialized and used for the biological control of plant diseases in crop production ( 24 ). The antagonistic ability of C. rosea is achieved through the production of specialized metabolites ( 26 – 29 ), hydrolytic enzymes ( 30 – 33 ), and other secreted proteins ( 34 , 35 ). In addition, C. rosea possess numerous drug resistance membrane transporters that can mediate the expulsion of both endogenous and exogenous toxic compounds ( 36 – 40 ).…”

Comparative small RNA and degradome sequencing provide new insights into antagonistic interactions in the biocontrol fungus Clonostachys rosea

“…Therefore, some strains of C. rosea are commercialized and used for the biological control of plant diseases in crop production (24). The antagonistic ability of C. rosea is achieved through the production of specialized metabolites (26)(27)(28)(29), hydrolytic enzymes (30)(31)(32)(33) and other secreted proteins (34,35). In addition, C. rosea possess numerous drug resistance membrane transporters that can mediate the expulsion of both endogenous and exogenous toxic compounds (36)(37)(38)(39)(40).…”