Metabolite Profiling and Comparative Analysis of Secondary Metabolites in Chinese Cabbage, Radish, and Hybrid xBrassicoraphanus

Abstract

We profiled and quantified primary and secondary metabolites in the leaves and roots of xBrassicoraphanus (Baemuchae), Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis (Chinese cabbage), and Raphanus sativus (radish). We obtained 72 metabolites from leaves and 68 metabolites from both leaves and roots of xBrassicoraphanus, Chinese cabbage, and radish. The metabolic profiles in this study revealed intermediate-level production of most metabolites from different parts of Baemuchae compared with that from different parts of Chinese cabbage and radishes. This was supported by the results of principal component analyses for the detected metabolites, which indicated that the Baemuchae group was located between the Chinese cabbage and radish groups. In particular, several amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan, and methionine) played the main role in phenylpropanoid and glucosinolate biosynthesis and were positively correlated with phenolic compounds, indolic glucosinolates, and aliphatic glucosinolates, respectively, in different parts. Furthermore, analysis of different species revealed the presence of 10 different glucosinolates, 10 phenolics, and 7 carotenoids, and their levels varied in the roots and leaves of the studied species. Among the leaves of the three species, Chinese cabbage had the highest total glucosinolate level, which was 3.14 times higher than the lowest level observed in radish. Baemuchae had the highest total phenolic compound level, which was 2.87 times higher than the lowest level found in Chinese cabbage, and radish had the highest carotenoid level, which was 12.41 times higher than the lowest one observed in Chinese cabbage. In the roots of Baemuchae, Chinese cabbage, and radish, glucosinolate levels did not vary significantly. Chinese cabbage contained the highest total phenolic compound level, which was 2.38 times higher than the lowest level found in radish, and the highest total carotenoid level, which was 2.49 times higher than the lowest level observed in Baemuchae. This metabolomic study provided chemical composition information that can be applied to future breeding strategies and comprehensively described the relationship among metabolites detected in the three plant species.

Metabolic Analysis of Root, Stem, and Leaf of Scutellaria baicalensis Plantlets Treated with Different LED Lights

“…Hydrophilic metabolites were detected using the method reported by Park et al [ 26 ]. The root, stem, and leaf powders (0.1 g each) of S. baicalensis seedlings treated with different LED lights were extracted with 2 mL of 80% ( v / v ) aqueous MeOH and vortexed for 30 s. After sonication for 1 h, each sample was centrifuged at 10,000× g at 4 °C for 20 min, and then the crude extracts were syringe-filtered into a vial for analysis.…”

“…The final extract was placed in a vial for GC analysis. The analysis system, condition, and program of GC-TOFMS were used to identify and quantify metabolites in the roots, stems, and leaves of S. baicalensis seedlings treated with different LED lights according to the previous studies [ 26 , 27 ].…”

Profiles of Secondary Metabolites (Phenolic Acids, Carotenoids, Anthocyanins, and Galantamine) and Primary Metabolites (Carbohydrates, Amino Acids, and Organic Acids) during Flower Development in Lycoris radiata

“…Carotenoid HPLC analysis was performed using a previously reported method [9]. Dried powders (0.02 g) of L. radiata flowers from different developmental stages were extracted using 0.1% (w/v) ascorbic acid in ethanol (3 mL) and vortexed for 20 s. Extracts were placed in a water bath set to 85 • C for 5 min.…”

“…The collected supernatants were dried using nitrogen gas and dissolved in 0:50 (v/v) dichloromethane/methanol (0.25 mL). The analytical equipment and conditions used for HPLC analysis were carried out as described by Park et al [9]. Carotenoids were identified using our previous library and, through the combined use of retention time and co-elution with trans-β-apo-8 -carotenal, were quantitated with reference to the corresponding calibration curves.…”

“…Carotenoids are members of the terpenoid class and are involved in the color development of yellow, red, or orange coloration in plants [9,10]. In non-green tissues such as seeds, fruits, and flowers, carotenoids are produced in the chromoplasts, causing the tissues to exhibit vibrant colors; however, in green tissues, these pigments play significant roles in photosynthesis including photosystem assembly, light harvesting, and photoprotective functions [10][11][12].…”