Metabolite-biomarker investigations in the life cycle of and infection withSchistosoma

Abstract

Schistosome infection is endemic in many Third World countries and affects an estimated 200 million individuals. Over the last few years, a number of investigations have focused on small molecule biomarkers of this infection. These studies were aimed at discovering key molecules relating to the life cycle of the parasite or deciphering metabolic change in the host during infection. In this review these studies are further divided into targeted approaches to find compounds and fingerprinting techniques i.e. metabonomics. A species-specific metabolite or group of biomarkers of the infection have yet to be discovered. For this reason a critical discussion contrasting with established diagnostic methods and future prospects are also provided.

Comparative Metabonomic Investigations of Schistosoma japonicum From SCID Mice and BALB/c Mice: Clues to Developmental Abnormality of Schistosome in the Immunodeficient Host

“…Metabolic profile investigation is a promising approach to identify the key molecules or signaling pathways competent for addressing the phenotypic differences between worms from different hosts (Hellerman et al, 1946; Bowman et al, 1960; Thompson, 1985; Wang et al, 2004, 2008; Garcia-Perez et al, 2008; Li et al, 2009; Teng et al, 2009; Legido-Quigley, 2010; O’Sullivan et al, 2013; Sengupta et al, 2013; Zhou et al, 2015, 2016; Adebayo et al, 2018). Ultra high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS) is capable of simultaneously detecting a wide range of small molecule metabolites and providing a “metabolic fingerprint” of biological samples, and has been used as a well-established analytical tool with successful application in different fields, e.g., studying of disease progress, detection of metabolites of inborn defects, phenotypic differentiation of experimental animal models (Want et al, 2010, 2013; Cui et al, 2016).…”

Development of “-omics” research in Schistosoma spp. and -omics-based new diagnostic tools for schistosomiasis

“…Metabonomics-based schistosomiasis biomarker discoveries were pioneered in 2004 by Wang et al (2004) , who used 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and multivariate pattern recognition to analyze the metabolic signature of urine samples from S. mansoni infected mice. Subsequently, using various spectroscopic methods, e.g., NMR spectroscopy, MS, and capillary electrophoresis (CE), coupled with various data-mining technologies ( Legido-Quigley, 2010 ), several metabonomics related to schistosome infection were profiled, such as urine samples from mice infected with S. mansoni ( Garcia-Perez et al, 2008 , 2009, 2010 ) and hamsters infected with S. japonicum ( Wang et al, 2006 ), as well as blood and multiple tissue samples from schistosome-alone infected ( Li et al, 2009 ) or two pathogens co-infected rodents ( Wu et al, 2010 ). It was not until early this decade that one metabonomic investigation started to survey human Schistosoma spp.…”

UHPLC-MS-Based Metabolomics Analysis Reveals the Process of Schistosomiasis in Mice

“…Metabolomics, is concerned with the metabolite composition of biological systems and its dynamic responses to both endogenous and exogenous stimuli are particularly suitable for exploring the holistic metabolic responses to infections ( Wang et al, 2004 ). For the past decade, metabolomics, as an emerging technology, has been demonstrated to be a very powerful tool in the study of the host metabolic responses to infections by parasites ( Legido-Quigley, 2010 ; Pacchiarotta et al, 2012 ). Currently, for most of the metabolomics studies related to parasitic infection, capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (CE-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were the most widely used technologies for the analysis of the dynamic metabolite changes in this field ( Garcia-Perez et al, 2010 ; Legido-Quigley, 2010 ; Shin et al, 2011 ).…”

“…For the past decade, metabolomics, as an emerging technology, has been demonstrated to be a very powerful tool in the study of the host metabolic responses to infections by parasites ( Legido-Quigley, 2010 ; Pacchiarotta et al, 2012 ). Currently, for most of the metabolomics studies related to parasitic infection, capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (CE-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were the most widely used technologies for the analysis of the dynamic metabolite changes in this field ( Garcia-Perez et al, 2010 ; Legido-Quigley, 2010 ; Shin et al, 2011 ). Previous works have demonstrated that parasitic infection is related with disrupted pathway of energy metabolism, immune responses, glucose uptake and metabolism, and gut bacteria metabolism.…”