Metabolite acetyl- L-carnitine participates in Bifidobacterium animalis F1-7 to ameliorate atherosclerotic inflammation by downregulating theTLR4/NF-κB pathway

Abstract

This study aimed to explore the effect of Bif. Animalis F1-7 on the improvement of atherosclerotic inflammation. Arteriosclerosis model ApoE -/mice were orally administered with Bif. Animalis F1-7 for 12 weeks. The probiotic intervention reduced the plaque areas in aorta and the accumulation of macrophages, and downregulated the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) pathway to reduce the levels of inflammatory factors. The widely-targeted metabolomics analysis showed that acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) in the intestine of atherosclerotic mice was significantly increased after Bif. Animalis F1-7 intervention.Correlation analysis proved that ALC was associated with atherosclerotic inflammatory response. By using ox-LDL induced macrophage foam cells, we further verified that ALC could reduce lipid accumulation and inflammatory response in foam cells by downregulating the TLR4/NFκB pathway. Finally, our results revealed that Bif. Animalis F1-7 upregulated the metabolite ALC to downregulate the inflammatory responses, leading to the reduction of plaque accumulation of atherosclerosis.

Oral Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Inhibit Osteoclastogenesis and Ameliorate Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice by Improving Gut Microbiota

“…Lucas, S. et al reported the effect of propionic acid and other SCFAs on bone mass, they found that it could inhibit osteoclast differentiation and reduce bone resorption . Meanwhile, Combining the study and our findings, SCFAs were also associated with the production of inflammatory factors . Therefore, we speculated that SCFAs might improve osteoclast differentiation by regulating the inflammatory factors.…”

“…26 Meanwhile, Combining the study and our findings, SCFAs were also associated with the production of inflammatory factors. 52 Therefore, we speculated that SCFAs might improve osteoclast differentiation by regulating the inflammatory factors. Furthermore, SCFAs improved the solubility of minerals in the gut by reducing the intestinal pH, thereby making calcium more easily absorbed by the body and improving bone mass.…”

Bifidobacterium improves oestrogen-deficiency-induced osteoporosis in mice by modulating intestinal immunity

“…In previous studies, 18,19 B. bifidum FL228.1 and B. animalis F1–7 have shown excellent inhibitory effects on intestinal inflammation and are stored in the Functional Dairy and Probiotic Engineering Laboratory of Ocean University of China. B. bifidum FL228.1 and B. animalis F1–7 were cultured twice in de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) broth before being incubated anaerobically at 37 °C for 48 hours.…”

Bifidobacterium bifidum alleviates adenine-induced acute kidney injury in mice by improving intestinal barrier function

“…B. bifidum FL228.1, FL276.1 and ZL.1 were cultured twice in de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) broth before being incubated anaerobically at 37 °C for 48 h. To collect the bacteria, the strain fermentation broth was centrifuged (4 °C, 8000 rpm, 5 min), washed twice with pre-cooled sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), then re-suspended in sterile PBS, and the concentration of bacteria was adjusted to 5 × 10 8 CFU mL −1 using the colony counting method for in vivo experiments. 24…”