Metabolism of the Aromatic Amino Acids by Fungi

Wat, Chi-Kit; Towers, G.H.N.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-3372-2_12

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 135 publications

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“…Some of the known pathways of animal and plant metabolism of phenylalanine are also used in microorganisms. In some microorganisms, phenylalanine is converted to homogentisic acid through the intermediary formation of phenylpyruvic acid and p -hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid by transamination and hydroxylation, as in the case of animals [ 69 ].…”

Section: Pal In Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal and Plant Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase

et al. 2011

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L-Phenylalanine is one of the essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized in mammals in adequate amounts to meet the requirements for protein synthesis. Fungi and plants are able to synthesize phenylalanine via the shikimic acid pathway. L-Phenylalanine, derived from the shikimic acid pathway, is used directly for protein synthesis in plants or metabolized through the phenylpropanoid pathway. This phenylpropanoid metabolism leads to the biosynthesis of a wide array of phenylpropanoid secondary products. The first step in this metabolic sequence involves the action of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). The discovery of PAL enzyme in fungi and the detection of 14CO2 production from 14C-ring-labeled phenylalanine and cinnamic acid demonstrated that certain fungi can degrade phenylalanine by a pathway involving an initial deamination to cinnamic acid, as happens in plants. In this review, we provide background information on PAL and a recent update on the presence of PAL genes in fungi.

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Section: Pal In Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal and Plant Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase

et al. 2011

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“…Interestingly, indole acetic acid (IAA) exerts its virulent effect by co-infection with fungal spores into the hemocoel of insects, possibly activating the prophenoloxidase cascade of insects and inducing the production of ROS [21]. The tryptophan metabolism pathways in fungi can produce many indole derivatives [22]. However, specific insecticidal chemicals and the insecticidal mechanism of MAC remain unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tryptamine accumulation caused by deletion of MrMao-1 in Metarhizium genome significantly enhances insecticidal virulence

et al. 2020

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Metarhizium is a group of insect-pathogenic fungi that can produce insecticidal metabolites, such as destruxins. Interestingly, the acridid-specific fungus Metarhizium acridum (MAC) can kill locusts faster than the generalist fungus Metarhizium robertsii (MAA) even without destruxin. However, the underlying mechanisms of different pathogenesis between hostgeneralist and host-specialist fungi remain unknown. This study compared transcriptomes and metabolite profiles to analyze the difference in responsiveness of locusts to MAA and MAC infections. Results confirmed that the detoxification and tryptamine catabolic pathways were significantly enriched in locusts after MAC infection compared with MAA infection and that high levels of tryptamine could kill locusts. Furthermore, tryptamine was found to be capable of activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor of locusts (LmAhR) to produce damaging effects by inducing reactive oxygen species production and immune suppression. Therefore, reducing LmAhR expression by RNAi or inhibitor (SR1) attenuates the lethal effects of tryptamine on locusts. In addition, MAA, not MAC, possessed the monoamine oxidase (Mao) genes in tryptamine catabolism. Hence, deleting MrMao-1 could increase the virulence of generalist MAA on locusts and other insects. Therefore, our study provides a rather feasible way to design novel mycoinsecticides by deleting a gene instead of introducing any exogenous gene or domain. Author summaryMycoinsecticides are widely used in place of chemical pesticides to protect crops from pest damage. Metarhizium spp. fungi specifically live inside the body cavity of insects and can produce insecticidal metabolites, such as beauvericin, destruxins, and taxol. The variable virulence between host-generalist fungus Metarhizium robertsii (MAA) and host-specialist fungus Metarhizium acridum (MAC) to locusts was studied. We found that MAC is PLOS GENETICS PLOS Genetics | https://doi.

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“…One of the most likely compounds to fulfill such a role is phenylacetic acid (PAA; Wightman 1973), Its probable precursor, L-phenylalanine, is a naturaUy-occtirring amino acid and the mtiltispecific aminotransferase which converts L-tryptophan to 3-indolepyruvic acid in the first step of IAA biosynthesis can also convert L-phenylalanine to phenylpyruvic acid (Forest andWightman 1972, Wightman 1973). In addition, L-phenylalanine has been shown to give rise to phenylacetic acid in the fungi, Sehizophyllum commune and Sporobolomyces roseus (Moore and Towers 1967, Moore et al 1968, Wat and Towers 1979, in shoot tissues of six crop plants (Wightman and Rauthan 1974), in the blue-green alga, Anacystis nidulans (Loffelhardt 1977) and in leaf enzytne preparations from sorghum (Stafford andLewis 1977, 1979).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of phenylacetic acid as a natural auxin in the shoots of higher plants

Wightman

Lighty

1982

Physiologia Plantarum

155

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Evidence indicating the natural occurrence of the auxin substance, phenylacetic acid (PAA), in a range of crop plants has been obtained from paper chromatography followed by bioassay and from HPLC and GLC analysis of acidic ether extracts from vegetative shoots of these plants. Confirmatory evidence for the presence of PAA in tobacco shoots has been obtained from GC‐MS analysis. Quantitative estimation of the relative amounts of the two auxins, IAA and PAA, in the different shoot extracts was achieved by paper chromatography followed by gas chromatography. The amount of PAA in all six plants was found to be several times greater than that of IAA and calculation of average internal concentrations revealed that PAA is present in vegetative shoots at physiologically active concentrations. Present knowledge of the growth‐regulating activity of this new natural auxin is discussed.

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Metabolism of the Aromatic Amino Acids by Fungi

Cited by 11 publications

References 135 publications

Fungal and Plant Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase

Fungal and Plant Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase

Tryptamine accumulation caused by deletion of MrMao-1 in Metarhizium genome significantly enhances insecticidal virulence

Identification of phenylacetic acid as a natural auxin in the shoots of higher plants

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