Metabolism of Noncellulosic Polysaccharides

Fincher, GB; Stone, BA

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-68234-6_6

Cited by 62 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 383 publications

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“…According to these properties, most likely glucan synthase II is responsible for glucose incorporation from UDP-glucose by sugarcane vacuoles. Glucan synthase II is reported to synthesize higher oligomers and polymers, but not di-and trisaccharides, which are found only as degradation products ofthe polymer (7). The question, therefore, was whether the vacuolar preparation really synthesized laminaribiose and the small oligomers.…”

Section: Products Of Udp-i'4c]glucose Incorporation Into the Vacu-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Reaction Products from Incubation of Sugarcane Vacuoles with Uridine-Diphosphate-Glucose: No Evidence for the Group Translocator

Preisser

Komor²

1988

Plant Physiol.

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Isolated sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid H50-7209) vacuoles incorporate radioactivity during incubation with labeled UDP-glucose by a mechanism which was postulated to be responsible for sucrose storage in the vacuoles (UDP-glucose group translocator). Analysis of the reaction products in the medium revealed that several enzymic processes are going on during incubation with UDP-glucose such as production of hexose phosphates, UMP, and sugars, all of which seem unrelated to the incorporation of radioactivity into vacuoles. The incorporated radioactiv- (3) found a sucroseproton antiport system in sugar beet vacuoles and Thom and Maretzki (25) detected sucrose formation in sugarcane vacuoles by incubation of isolated vacuoles with UDP-glucose. They postulated a "UDP-glucose group translocator," a tonoplastbound enzyme complex that could achieve formation offructose-6-phosphate from UDP-glucose and subsequently a vectorial synthesis of sucrose-phosphate from the generated fructose-6-phosphate and UDP-glucose. This postulated mechanism of sucrose storage in sugarcane vacuoles attracted much attention because it constituted an entirely new type of transport through membranes. Furthermore, the operation of this mechanism in sugar beet vacuoles was also shown (8,23).According to the postulated scheme of Thom and Maretzki (25) no reaction that required transmembrane energization of the tonoplast was involved, neither a pH-gradient nor a membrane potential. On one side, addition of sucrose in presence of MgATP to vacuoles from sugarcane stalk gave barely perceptible uptake of sucrose (14), while on the other hand MgATP even inhibited the UDP-glucose group translocator (26). The delicate coexistence of tonoplast energization by the ATPase (22) and sucrose storage by the UDP-glucose group translocator was puzzling, especially in the case of sugar beet vacuoles, where the coexistence of the proton-driven sucrose-proton antiport system and the UDP-glucose group translocator was visualized (23). Therefore, as a first step to obtain ideas about the mutual interaction of energization and sucrose storage, a careful analysis of the reaction products, which are produced by incubation of sugarcane vacuoles with UDP-glucose, was performed. MATERIALS AND METHODSIsolation of Protoplasts and Vacuoles. Protoplasts were isolated from 8-to 1 -d-old sugarcane suspension cells (a subclone of Saccharum spp. hybrid H50-7209 grown in supplemented White's basal salt medium) as described by Thom et al. (24) and suspended in White's basal salt medium containing 0.5 M mannitol at pH 5.6. For isolation of vacuoles, the protoplast suspension was layered over a cushion of 12% Ficoll made up in protoplast suspension medium and centrifuged for 1 h in a Kontron TST 54 Rotor at 45,000 rpm. Vacuoles were recovered at the 0/12% Ficoll interface and washed three times in White's basal salt medium containing 0.5 M mannitol at pH 6.5.Uptake Measurements. For uptake measurements, vacuoles were suspended in White's basal salt medium plus 0.5 M manni...

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Section: Products Of Udp-i'4c]glucose Incorporation Into the Vacu-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Reaction Products from Incubation of Sugarcane Vacuoles with Uridine-Diphosphate-Glucose: No Evidence for the Group Translocator

Preisser

Komor²

1988

Plant Physiol.

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“…For example, pollen maturation, sieve pore formation and sealing, pollen tube growth and rejection, gravitropism, virus localization, and the formation of papillae at the site ofattempted penetration by fungi are some relevant processes (2,5,8,13). The major and most characteristic component of callose is 1,3-fl-glucan, which can easily be detected cytochemically and also determined quantitatively by its fluorescence with aniline blue (13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Free Fatty Acids, Lysophosphatidylcholine, Platelet-Activating Factor, Acylcarnitine, and Echinocandin B on 1,3-β-d-Glucan Synthase and Callose Synthesis

Kauss¹,

Jeblick²

1986

Plant Physiol.

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ABSTRACIDeposition of callose to the cell wall is characteristic of many developmental processes and also occurs during cell or tissue repair mechanism. For example, pollen maturation, sieve pore formation and sealing, pollen tube growth and rejection, gravitropism, virus localization, and the formation of papillae at the site ofattempted penetration by fungi are some relevant processes (2,5,8,13). The major and most characteristic component of callose is 1,3-fl-glucan, which can easily be detected cytochemically and also determined quantitatively by its fluorescence with aniline blue (13). Our recent attempts to understand the regulation of callose formation have therefore concerned studies of the biosynthesis of 1,3-,B-glucan.

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“…Rosettes have been visualised in transit from the Golgi apparatus (GA) to their destination in the PM using freeze fracture, transmission electron microscopy, and more recently immunofluorescence techniques (Haigler and Brown 1986;Gardiner et al 2003;Somerville 2006;Wightman et al 2009). In contrast, all other non-cellulosic and pectic polysaccharides are synthesised within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and GA (Fincher and Stone 1981;Gibeaut and Carpita 1994) using both polysaccharide synthases and GlyTs. The assembled polysaccharides are then transported to the cell surface via Golgi-derived secretory vesicles and incorporated into the wall.…”

Section: Biosynthesis Of Wall Polysaccharidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant cell walls: the skeleton of the plant world

Doblin

Pettolino

Bacic

2010

Functional Plant Biol.

179

140

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Abstract. Plants are our major source of renewable biomass. Since cell walls represent some 50% of this biomass, they are major targets for biotechnology. Major drivers are their potential as a renewable source of energy as transport fuels (biofuels), functional foods to improve human health and as a source of raw materials to generate building blocks for industrial processes (biobased industries). To achieve sustainable development, we must optimise plant production and utilisation and this will require a complete understanding of wall structure and function at the molecular/biochemical level. This overview summarises the current state of knowledge in relation to the synthesis and assembly of the wall polysaccharides (i.e. the genes and gene families encoding the polysaccharide synthases and glycosyltransferases (GlyTs)), the predominant macromolecular components. We also touch on an exciting emerging role of the cell wall-plasma membrane-cytoskeleton continuum as a signal perception and transduction pathway allowing plant growth regulation in response to endogenous and exogenous cues.Additional keywords: cell wall-plasma membrane-cytoskeleton continuum, glycosyltransferase, polysaccharide structure and biosynthesis, synthase. Plant cell wallsA distinguishing feature of plant cells is the presence of a polysaccharide-rich wall. The wall encloses each cell while at the same time allowing the transfer of solutes and signalling molecules between cells via specific structures such as plasmodesmata (symplastic transport), or pores within the gellike matrix of the wall itself (apoplastic movement). Similar to the skeleton of animals, the plant wall is a key determinant of overall plant form, growth and development. In contrast to having a specialised skeletal system as occurs in animals, the shape and strength of plants rely on the properties of the wall. The wall also plays a significant role in plant defence and responses to environmental stresses. Plant walls are important not simply because they are integral to plant growth and development but also because they determine the quality of plant-based products. The texture, nutritional and processing properties of plant-based foods for human and animal consumption is heavily influenced by the characteristics of the wall. Fibre for textiles, pulp and paper manufacture, and timber products and increasingly for fuel and composite manufacture is largely composed of walls, or derived from them. Due to their relevance to these industries, the chemical structures of the constituent polymers (polysaccharides, (glyco) proteins, polyphenolics) and the biochemical processes involved in the synthesis, maturation and turnover of the wall have been the subjects of research for many years. This research is now intensifying with the prospect of using plant ligno-cellulosic biomass as a viable and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels in the production of transportation fuels. Advances are likely to occur through molecular biological and functional genomics approaches, including pu...

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Metabolism of Noncellulosic Polysaccharides

Cited by 62 publications

References 383 publications

Analysis of the Reaction Products from Incubation of Sugarcane Vacuoles with Uridine-Diphosphate-Glucose: No Evidence for the Group Translocator

Analysis of the Reaction Products from Incubation of Sugarcane Vacuoles with Uridine-Diphosphate-Glucose: No Evidence for the Group Translocator

Influence of Free Fatty Acids, Lysophosphatidylcholine, Platelet-Activating Factor, Acylcarnitine, and Echinocandin B on 1,3-β-d-Glucan Synthase and Callose Synthesis

Plant cell walls: the skeleton of the plant world

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