Metabolism of Insecticides and Herbicides in Higher Plants

Menn, Julius J.; Still, Gerald G.

doi:10.3109/10408447709101340

Cited by 24 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…Nematicides have also been reported to produce large changes in the chemical composition of tomatoes (90). The utilization of various chemical compounds for herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and medication has introduced various new compounds into our foods (91,92). Many of these compounds are incorporated into the food we eat often in high concentration.…”

Section: Alterations In Natural Nutritional Ecosystemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Taste and the Taste of Foods

Oravec

Hoang

et al. 1979

ACS Symposium Series

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In this paper the term taste will refer to all the chemical sensory systems of the oral cavity and their sensations. These sensory systems are intimately involved in the selection of food items and in the regulation of food intake. As we shall see, there are a variety of different taste systems attuned to different chemical aspects of food. These taste systems perform an exact and elaborate analysis of the chemical constituents in the food we eat.The structure and function of these taste systems will be discussed in the context of a natural nutritional ecosystem, i.e. one in which man is not a disruptive element. Human taste systems are assumed to have developed to function in this natural system and to have changed little as a result of the cultural dietary changes that have occurred in the last 10-20,000 years.The natural nutritional ecosystem of man is assumed to be one in which both plant and animal foods are eaten (Figure 1) and they are eaten raw. In a natural nutritional ecosystem, taste serves a primary role in regulating the flow of compounds (_1, 2). Certain things are to be eaten by us. Other things by others. There exists wide variation in the tastes of natural foods. Thus Cott has shown that certain birds and their eggs are both conspicuous and i l l tasting (3, 4). The types of foods we consume now represent a selection from the vast array of items naturally available during our evolutionary development. The chicken egg for instance, represents a selection of one of the best tasting eggs naturally available (Figure 2).We consume and transform plant and animal substances to promote certain physiological activities (the probable role of taste in mammalian sexual behavior is not considered here). Primary among these physiological functions is the replacement of body compounds and the supply of compounds for metabolic energy systems. Thus taste serves to regulate the consumption of needed compounds. Almost without exception, natural things that taste good are good for you and foods that are needed taste good even though your stomach is full. Toxic compounds almost 0-8412-0526-4/79/47-115-001$08.00/0

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Section: Alterations In Natural Nutritional Ecosystemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Taste and the Taste of Foods

Oravec

Hoang

et al. 1979

ACS Symposium Series

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“…Environmental Health Perspectives Thioether oxidation of OP insecticides in animals and plants is well documented in the literature (7,11,13,24,33). Early landmark studies were published by March et al (34) and Metcalf et al (35).…”

Section: Desulfuration and Thioether Oxidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In one of the few reported instances, Frear and coworkers (12) obtained a well defined plant microsomal enzyme preparation from etiolated cotton seedling hypocotyls which catalyzed the oxidative N-demethylation of 1,1-dialkylated phenylureas. However, our knowledge of microsomal enzymes in plants is still very fragmentary due to the very limited number of successful in vitro preparations of these enzymes (7).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Comparative Aspects of Pesticide Metabolism in Plants and Animals

Menn¹

1978

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Pesticide chemicals are an important component of modern agriculture. Through their use, plants and animals are exposed to pesticides directly and indirectly from transport through soil, water, and other environmental components. Pesticide chemicals which are absorbed by plants and animals undergo extensive biotransformation. Lipophilic compounds are converted to polar metabolites through a variety of microsomal and extramicrosomal reactions in plants and animals. Generally, biotransformations are qualitatively similar in both systems. However, there are important quantitative rate differences in metabolism which often determine the balance between activation and deactivation of a pesticide. Furthermore, there are qualitative differences in conjugative mechanisms in plants and animals. Animals through an efficient excretory system eliminate transformation products via the urine and feces. Since efficient excretory systems are absent in plants, terminal degradation products are stored as conjugates and/or derivatives whch may be incorporated into the plants themselves.

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“…DMN, which requires artificial activation in Drosophila and in vitro mammalian systems, acts without the liver homogenate in barley (84), soybeans (86), and Arabidopsis (85,99). Useful papers for future studies of plant metabolic activation have been published (104,105).…”

Section: Mechanism Of Mutagen Action and Nature Of Induced Mutationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential of Plant Genetic Systems for Monitoring and Screening Mutagens

Nilan¹

1978

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Plants have too long been ignored as useful screening and monitoring systems of environmental mutagens. However, there are about a dozen reliable, some even unique, plant genetic systems that can increase the scope and effectiveness of chemical and physical mutagen screening and monitoring procedures. Some of these should be included in the Tier II tests. Moreover, plants are the only systems now in use as monitors of genetic effects caused by polluted atmosphere and water and by pesticides.There are several major advantages of the plant test systems which relate to their reproductive nature, easy culture and growth habits that should be considered in mutagen screening and monitoring. In addition to these advantages, the major plant test systems exhibit numerous genetic and chromosome changes for determining the effects of mutagens. Some of these have not yet been detected in other nonmammalian and mammalian test systems, but probably occur in the human organism.Plants have played major roles in various aspects of mutagenesis research, primarily in mutagen screening (detection and verification of mutagenic activity), mutagen monitoring, and determining mutagen effects and mechanisms of mutagen action. They have played lesser roles in quantification of mutagenic activity and understanding the nature of induced mutations.Mutagen monitoring with plants, especially in situ on land or in water, will help determine potential genetic hazards ofair and water pollutants and protect the genetic purity ofcrop plants and the purity ofthe food supply. The Tradescantia stamen-hair system is used in a mobile laboratory for determining the genetic effects of industrial and automobile pollution in a number ofsites in the U.S.A. The fern is employed for monitoring genetic effects of water pollution in the Eastern states. The maize pollen system and certain weeds have monitored genetic effects of pesticides. Several other systems that have considerable value and should be developed and more widely used in mutagen monitoring and screening, especially for in situ monitoring, are discussed. Emphasis is placed on pollen systems in which changes in pollen structure, chemistry, and chromosomes can be scored for monitoring; and screening systems which can record low levels of genetic effects as well as provide information on the nature of induced mutations. The value of plant systems for monitoring and screening mutagens can be improved by: greater knowledge of plant cell processes at the molecular and ultrastructural levels; relating these processes to mutagen effects and plant cell responses; improving current systems for increased sensitivity, ease of detecting genetic and chromosome changes, recording ofdata (including automation), and for extending the range of genetic and chromosome end points; and designing and developing new systems with the aid of previous and current botanical and genetic knowledge.

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Metabolism of Insecticides and Herbicides in Higher Plants

Cited by 24 publications

References 58 publications

Taste and the Taste of Foods

Taste and the Taste of Foods

Comparative Aspects of Pesticide Metabolism in Plants and Animals

Potential of Plant Genetic Systems for Monitoring and Screening Mutagens

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