Metabolism of Endosulfan I, Endosulfan II, and Endosulfan sulfate in tobacco leaf

Chopra, N. M.; Mahfouz, Amal M.

doi:10.1021/jf60209a057

Cited by 44 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The oxidation reaction is favored for the alpha isomer and produces endosulfate. Preferential oxidation of this isomer has been previously reported, and it is thought that it contributes a disproportionate amount of endosulfate found in the environment (2,6,21). Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are known to contribute to the oxidation of many sulfur-containing pesticides.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The enrichment medium (pH 6.6 to 6.8) consisted of 20 mg of technical-grade endosulfan (99% pure), 0.05% Tween 80, 2.0 g of KH 2 PO 4 , 7.5 g of K 2 HPO 4 , 1.0 g of NH 4 Cl, 0.5 g of NaCl, 1.0 g of glucose, 0.1 g of MgCl 2 , 0.86 mg of p-amino benzoic acid, 0.86 mg of nicotinic acid, and 10 ml of a trace element solution per liter. The stock trace element solution contained 20 mg of (NH 4 ) 6 . Approximately 1 g of endosulfan-enriched soil was inoculated into 50 ml of enrichment media and cultured in a 400-ml Erlenmeyer flask on a rotary shaker (200 rpm) at 28°C for up to 14 days.…”

Section: Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enrichment of an Endosulfan-Degrading Mixed Bacterial Culture

Sutherland

Horne

Lacey

et al. 2000

Appl Environ Microbiol

155

158

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An endosulfan-degrading mixed bacterial culture was enriched from soil with a history of endosulfan exposure. Enrichment was obtained by using the insecticide as the sole source of sulfur. Chemical hydrolysis was minimized by using strongly buffered culture medium (pH 6.6), and the detergent Tween 80 was included to emulsify the insecticide, thereby increasing the amount of endosulfan in contact with the bacteria. No growth occurred in control cultures in the absence of endosulfan. Degradation of the insecticide occurred concomitant with bacterial growth. The compound was both oxidized and hydrolyzed. The oxidation reaction favored the alpha isomer and produced endosulfate, a terminal pathway product. Hydrolysis involved a novel intermediate, tentatively identified as endosulfan monoaldehyde on the basis of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and chemical derivatization results. The accumulation and decline of metabolites suggest that the parent compound was hydrolyzed to the putative monoaldehyde, thereby releasing the sulfite moiety required for growth. The monoaldehyde was then oxidized to endosulfan hydroxyether and further metabolized to (a) polar product(s). The cytochrome P450 inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide, did not prevent endosulfan oxidation or the formation of other metabolites. These results suggest that this mixed culture is worth investigating as a source of endosulfan-hydrolyzing enzymes for use in enzymatic bioremediation of endosulfan residues.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enrichment of an Endosulfan-Degrading Mixed Bacterial Culture

Sutherland

Horne

Lacey

et al. 2000

Appl Environ Microbiol

155

158

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“…Our study did not differentiate whether residues were situated on outer surfaces of plant tissues or were taken up into the tissues of the plant. However, several authors have reported endosulfan residues, including metabolites, in, on, or in and on tomato plant tissues (Aguilera-del Real et al, 1997;, as well as in, on, or in and on tissues of other plants and in soil (Bead and Ware, 1969;Stewart and Cairns, 1974;Chopra and Mahfouz, 1977;Martens, 1977;Singh et al, 1991;Raha et al, 1993;Kennedy et al, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use and Fate of Pesticides in Vegetable-Based Agro-Ecosystems in Ghana

Ntow¹

2008

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All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publishers. Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein.Published by: Taylor & Francis/Balkema PO Box 447, 2300 AK Leiden, The Netherlands e-mail: Pub. NL@tandf.co.uk www.balkema.nl, www.taylorandfrancis.co.uk, To the memory of Dr. Akosua Werekoa (aka Awo), this thesis is dedicated to her, my wife, Mrs Bernice Worlanyo Ntow and my parents, Francis Andrews Ntow andMargaret Kyei (Yaa Saah), whom God has used to bring me this far. Contents AcknowledgementsChapter 1 Introduction 1Chapter 2 Farmer perceptions and pesticide use practices in vegetable production in Ghana 9Chapter 3 Dissipation of endosulfan in field-grown tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and cropped soil at Akumadan 27Chapter 4The impact of agricultural runoff on the quality of two streams at Akumadan and Tono 43Chapter 5 Occupational exposure to pesticides: blood cholinesterase activity in farmers at Akumadan 57Chapter Introduction GeneralWorldwide pesticide usage has increased tremendously since the 1960s. It has largely been responsible for the "green revolution", i.e. the massive increase in food production obtained from the same surface of land with the help of mineral fertilisers (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), more efficient machinery and intensive irrigation. The use of pesticides helped to significantly reduce crop losses and to improve the yield of crops such as corn, maize, vegetables, potatoes and cotton. Notwithstanding the beneficial effects of pesticides, their adverse effects on environmental quality and human health have been well documented worldwide and constitute a major issue that gives rise to concerns at local, regional, national and global scales (Planas et al., 1997; Huber et al., 2000; Kidd et al., 2001; Cerejeira et al., 2003). Residues of pesticides contaminate soils and water, persist in the crops, enter the food chain, and finally are ingested by humans with foodstuffs and water. Furthermore, pesticides can be held responsible for contributing to biodiversity losses and deterioration of natural habitats (Sattler et al., 2006). There have been reported instances of pest resurgence, development of resistance to pesticides, secondary pest outbreaks and destruction of non-target species. Despite the fact that pesticides are also applied in other sectors, agriculture can undoubtedly be seen as the most important source of adverse effects (Hoyer and Kratz, 2001; cited in Sattler et al., 2006).The application of different pesticides varies with the region. For instance, in North Ameri...

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“…Leaves from the tobacco plants were analyzed for endosulfan and its metal?olites at the har- • vesting Stage, and later, when flue-cured. From the residue data obtained we conclude that [1) In green tobacco leaf endosulfan I, found in very small amounts, is the only metabolite of endosulfan sulfate, and that endosuJfan 11 is the main endosulfan sulfate metabolite in flue-cured tobacco leaf; [2] The loss of residues during the curing process depends largely on the residue level of this pesticide in the green tobacco leaf; [3] The loss of pesticide during the curing process is mainly due to volatilization; and [ 4] Smallest amounts of residues are lefl: in tobacco leaf with endosulfan I treatments. (2] que la perte de rCsidus durant le processus de s&hage depend a un haut degr6 du niveau de residus de ce pesticide dans la feuille verte du tabac, [3) que la perte de pesticide durant le processus de sechage est due principalement a la volatilisation et [4] qu'il reste les plus petites quantitCs de r&idus dans la feuille de tabac lorsqu'elle a subi des traitements a l'endosulfan I.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…As very little of other metabolites· of endosulfan, such as endosulfan diol, endosulfan ether, endosulfan hydroxyether, and endosulfan lactone, Was found in the cured tobacco leaf samples, their estima~ tions were not carried out. Endosulfan and its metabolites in tobacco leaf were identified by their retention time and by co·chromato-graphing them with authentic reference substances on two different columns (2). In addition, the presence of endosulfan I and endosulfan sulfate in the green leaf of all the three 1.50 lbs./acre pesticide treatments har~ vested on August 23, and the presence of endosulfan 11 in the green tobacco leaf from 1.50 lbs./acre endosulfan 11 treatment tobacco harvested on August 23 was confirmed by comparing their retention times and mass spectra on a Finnigan F3100 GC/MS with that of pure reference compounds.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Further Investigations into the Metabolism of Endosulfan l, Endosulfan ll and Endosulfan Sulfate in Tobacco Leaf

Chopra¹,

Mahfouz²

1977

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung / Contributions to Tobacco Research

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Tobacco plants were separately treated with 0.75 lb./acre and 1.50 lbs./acre of endosulfan I, endosulfan II and endosulfan sulfate. Leaves from the tobacco plants were analysed for endosulfan and its metabolites at the harvesting stage, and later, when flue-cured. From the residue data obtained we conclude that [1] In green tobacco leaf endosulfan I, found in very small amounts, is the only metabolite of endosulfan sulfate, and that endosulfan II is the main endosulfan sulfate metabolite in flue-cured tobacco leaf; [2] The loss of residues during the curing process depends largely on the residue level of this pesticide in the green tobacco leaf: [3] The loss of pesticide during the curing process is mainly due to volatilization; and [4] Smallest amounts of residues are left in tobacco Ieaf with endosulfan I treatments.

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Metabolism of Endosulfan I, Endosulfan II, and Endosulfan sulfate in tobacco leaf

Cited by 44 publications

References 12 publications

Enrichment of an Endosulfan-Degrading Mixed Bacterial Culture

Enrichment of an Endosulfan-Degrading Mixed Bacterial Culture

The Use and Fate of Pesticides in Vegetable-Based Agro-Ecosystems in Ghana

Further Investigations into the Metabolism of Endosulfan l, Endosulfan ll and Endosulfan Sulfate in Tobacco Leaf

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