Metabolism of Elasmobranchs (Jaws II)

Ballantyne, James S.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801286-4.00007-1

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 317 publications

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“…Elasmobranchs have a very unusual metabolism, differing from the pattern observed for most vertebrates ( Ballantyne, 2015 ). Due to their urotelic osmoregulatory strategy, energy mobilization in this group is directed to maintain high concentrations of circulating urea, directly affecting the nitrogen metabolism and energy intake dynamics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…As they do not have adipose tissue, all energy reserves are directed to the hepatic tissue and, secondarily, to muscle tissue ( Ballantyne, 1997 ). Despite presenting lower protein assimilation rates compared to teleost fish, evolutionary adaptations that facilitate amino acid intake are observed, including the expression and secretion of digestive enzymes in the most basal lineages ( Ballantyne, 2015 ) and the ability to reduce stomach pH to values much lower than those observed in other vertebrates ( Wood et al, 2007 ). As for lipid assimilation, elasmobranchs also present a set of physiological adaptations to ensure proper lipid intake, including certain emulsifying agents present in bile exclusive to this group ( Ballantyne, 1997 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unraveling Metabolite Provisioning to Offspring Through Parental Fluids: A Case Study of the Brazilian Guitarfish, Pseudobatos horkelii

Wosnick

Leite²,

Giareta³

et al. 2022

Front. Physiol.

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Elasmobranchs have a very distinct metabolism, and many aspects related to the energetic dynamics of these animals remain poorly investigated. The reproductive period is particularly vulnerable for viviparous species, as part of the energy reserves of the parental biomass is reallocated for gamete production and embryo development. In this context, this study aimed to characterize parental metabolite provisioning to the offspring (both sperm and developing embryos) of the Brazilian Guitarfish, Pseudobatos horkelii, through glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate, triglycerides, and total cholesterol determinations in the uterine liquid (UL) and serum of pregnant females and in the seminal fluid (SF) and serum of males during the copulation period. No significant difference was observed for the analyzed markers between the UL and SF. Except for triglycerides, higher in female serum samples, all other energy markers were present at similar concentrations in the serum of both females and males. When comparing female UL and serum, significant differences were observed for triglycerides and total cholesterol. No differences were observed between SF and serum in males. The results indicate that all markers are being made available to offspring, possibly complementary to the yolk in the case of maternal liquid, and as an additional source for sperm mobilization required during egg fertilization in the case of the paternal fluid. Correlations between the markers in the parental matrices were also noted, compatible with the metabolic pathways activated during energy mobilization in vertebrates. Moreover, distinct marker predominance patterns were also noted for both UL and SF. Energy mobilization characterization directed to offspring through parental fluids aids in unraveling metabolic dynamics during the reproduction stage while also providing support for stress physiology studies to evaluate the indirect effects of parental allostatic overload in both sperm and developing embryos. Finally, energy mobilization assessments of parental fluids may also help elucidate how internal fertilization and viviparity evolved in this very distinct taxonomic group.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unraveling Metabolite Provisioning to Offspring Through Parental Fluids: A Case Study of the Brazilian Guitarfish, Pseudobatos horkelii

Wosnick

Leite²,

Giareta³

et al. 2022

Front. Physiol.

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“…In fish, glucose homeostasis is crucial to sustain central functions and responses to different stresses (Gominho‐Rosa et al, 2015; Polakof et al, 2012; Small, 2022; Steinberg, 2018). Carbohydrases such as amylase and membrane‐bound disaccharidases are crucial for the initial and last stages, respectively, of the main glycogenic dietary substrates and for producing glucose (Ballantyne, 2015; Grosell et al, 2010; Small, 2022; Steinberg, 2018). The modulation of the activity of specific digestive enzymes in the intestine can change the ability for the digestion of the corresponding dietary item.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fishes, the triglyceride anabolic route is assumed to be mostly similar to that of mammals (Karasov & Douglas, 2013; Small, 2022; Steinberg, 2018; Tocher, 2003). Excess fatty acids can be transported from the liver via lipoproteins, accumulated, and stored as triglycerides in reserve organs such as the muscle (Ballantyne, 2015; Grosell et al, 2010). The increased triglyceride concentration in the muscle at 360 h post‐ingestion concomitant with its decrease in the liver supports the idea that the liver is a source of metabolites for lipogenesis in the muscle of juveniles of P. orbignyanus .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The liver and muscle are sites of protein reserves in juveniles of P. orbignyanus (Albanesi, Radonic, et al, 2021). In several teleost fish, the liver and muscle are sites of postprandial protein synthesis (Ballantyne, 2015; Mente et al, 2017). The increase in the protein content in the liver at 72 h post‐feeding indicates that the liver of P. orbignyanus juveniles serves as a site of postprandial protein synthesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential modulation of digestive enzymes and energy reserves at different times after feeding in juveniles of the marine estuarine‐dependent flatfish Paralichthys orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1839)

Albanesi,

Méndez,

Michiels

et al. 2023

Journal of Fish Biology

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Integrative studies are lacking on the responses of digestive enzymes and energy reserves in conjunction with morphological traits at distinct postprandial times in marine estuarine‐dependent flatfishes of ecological and economic importance, such as Paralichthys orbignyanus. We determined total weight (TW), hepato‐somatic index (IH), activities of digestive enzymes in the intestine, and the concentration of energy reserves in the liver and the muscle at 0, 24, 72, and 360 h after feeding in juveniles of P. orbignyanus. Amylase activity decreased at 72 h (about 30%). Maltase, sucrose, and lipase activities reached peak at 24 h (67%, 600%, and 35%, respectively). Trypsin and aminopeptidase‐N activities at 24 and 72 h, respectively, were lower than those at t = 0 (53% and 30%). A peak increase in the concentration of glycogen and triglycerides in the liver (24 h) (86% and 89%, respectively) occurred. In muscle, glycogen and triglyceride concentrations were unchanged at 24 h and higher at 72 and 360 h (100% and 60%). No changes were found in TW, IH, free glucose in the liver and muscle, and protein in the liver. The protein concentration in the muscle sharply increased at 24 and 360 h after feeding (60%). The results indicate a distinct and specific response of central components of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism that could be adjustments at the biochemical level upon periods of irregular feeding and even of long‐term food deprivation inside coastal lagoons or estuaries. The distinct responses of digestive enzymes in the intestine and energy reserves in the liver and muscle suggest the differential modulation of tissue‐specific anabolic and catabolic pathways that would allow the maintenance of physical conditions.

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Talking to the dead: using Post-mortem data in the assessment of stress in tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) (Péron and Lesueur, 1822)

Wosnick

Bornatowski

Ferraz

et al. 2016

Fish Physiol Biochem

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Sharks are very sensitive to stress and prone to a high mortality rate after capture. Since approximately 50 million of sharks are caught as bycatch every year, and current recommendations to reduce the impact of commercial fishing strongly support immediate release, it is imperative to better understand post-release mortality caused by the stress of capture and handling. Blood samples allow the assessment of stress levels which are valuable tools to reduce mortality in commercial, recreational and scientific fishing, being essential for the improvement in those conservation measures. Biochemical analyses are widely used for sharks as stress indicators, with secondary plasma parameters (lactate, glucose and ions) being the most often employed assays. However, it is virtually impossible to determine baseline plasma parameters in free-ranging sharks, since blood withdrawal involves animal capture and restrain, which are stressful procedures. This study aims at analyzing secondary parameters of five healthy tiger sharks captured with circular hooks and handlines in Fernando de Noronha (Northeastern Brazil) and comparing them with secondary parameters of three dead tiger sharks caught off Recife (also Northeastern Brazil). The results showed that the analysis of some plasma constituents in dead animals may be an efficient tool to assess stress and lethality. However, traditional parameters such as glucose and calcium, need to be used with caution. The results also demonstrated the extreme importance of urea and phosphorus for assessing stress response and mortality in tiger sharks, both parameters frequently neglected and of utmost importance for shark's homeostasis.

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Metabolism of Elasmobranchs (Jaws II)

Cited by 6 publications

References 317 publications

Unraveling Metabolite Provisioning to Offspring Through Parental Fluids: A Case Study of the Brazilian Guitarfish, Pseudobatos horkelii

Unraveling Metabolite Provisioning to Offspring Through Parental Fluids: A Case Study of the Brazilian Guitarfish, Pseudobatos horkelii

Differential modulation of digestive enzymes and energy reserves at different times after feeding in juveniles of the marine estuarine‐dependent flatfish Paralichthys orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1839)

Talking to the dead: using Post-mortem data in the assessment of stress in tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) (Péron and Lesueur, 1822)

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