Metabolism of Chloros-Triazine Herbicides byPanicumandSetaria

Thompson, Lori Foster

doi:10.1017/s0043174500078814

Cited by 33 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…), sorghum, and soybean (Moody et al, 1970;Shimabukuro, 1968;Thompson, 1972). Tubes were wrapped in aluminum foil, and cotton balls were placed at the base of plants to allow root submergence in solution.…”

Section: Metabolism Of 14 C-atrazine and 14 C-simazine In Three Turfgmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological Basis for Triazine Herbicide Tolerance in Bermudagrass, Seashore Paspalum, and Zoysiagrass

2015

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Atrazine and simazine control weeds in warm‐season turfgrasses, but excessive injury limits applications to sensitive species. The objective of this research was to evaluate the physiological basis for differential tolerances of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.), seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.), and zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) to atrazine and simazine. In greenhouse experiments, hierarchical shoot mass reductions from the nontreated by species were: seashore paspalum > bermudagrass > zoysiagrass for atrazine and seashore paspalum > bermudagrass = zoysiagrass for simazine. Atrazine and simazine treatments to soil only or foliar plus soil reduced shoot mass similarly, averaging 45% from nontreated, while foliar‐only treatments reduced shoot mass 22% from the nontreated. Species rank for root absorption of both herbicides after 48 h from high to low was seashore paspalum > bermudagrass > zoysiagrass. All species had acropetal translocation of 14C‐atrazine and 14C‐simazine, but bermudagrass and zoysiagrass translocated ∼10% more 14C than seashore paspalum after 48 h. Hierarchical species rank for nonmetabolized 14C‐atrazine translocation to shoots after 8 h from high to low was seashore paspalum > bermudagrass > zoysiagrass. All species metabolized 14C‐atrazine to hydroxyatrazine and two unidentified metabolites in root and shoots. All species metabolized simazine to hydroxysimazine and two other metabolites in shoots. Seashore paspalum had less total metabolism of 14C‐simazine than bermudagrass and zoysiagrass and produced fewer metabolites in roots. Results suggest bermudagrass and seashore paspalum susceptibility to atrazine is associated with greater absorption and translocation of the parent herbicide to shoots than zoysiagrass. Seashore paspalum susceptibility to injury from simazine is associated with differences in absorption and metabolism from tolerant turfgrasses bermudagrass and zoysiagrass.

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Section: Metabolism Of 14 C-atrazine and 14 C-simazine In Three Turfgmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological Basis for Triazine Herbicide Tolerance in Bermudagrass, Seashore Paspalum, and Zoysiagrass

2015

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“…The triazines investigated were atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropytamino-l ,3,5-triazine), cyanazine (2chloro-4-(l-cyano-l-methyIamino)-6-ethylamino-l,3, 5-triazine) simazine (2-chloro-4,6-bisethylamino-1,3,5-triazine), and propazine (2-chloro-4,6-bisisopropyiamino-1,3,5-triazine). The concentration of each triazine was that used by Thompson (1972), 10 ppm (5 6 //c/1), unless specified otherwise. All solutions were aerated and maintained at either 22 5 C ±2''C (room temperature) or 2 C ± rC.…”

Section: Chloro-s-triazine Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Either morphological (Orwick & Schreiber, 1975) or physiological changes in the plant could produce greater herbicide tolerance. Physiological changes could cause differential metabolism (Thompson, 1972) or differential absorption of a herbicide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Absorption and efflux of chloro‐s‐triazines by Setaria roots*

1976

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Summary: The absorption and loss of four chloro‐s‐triazines was investigated in excised roots of four Setaria taxa. Different taxa absorbed the various triazines at different rates. In general, triazine absorption was greater at 2°C than at 22.5°C, and absorption rates were linear functions of external concentrations. Efflux studies showed marked differences in the rate of loss of 14C‐atrazine, 14C‐simazine, and 14C‐propazine from root sections of robust white foxtail (Setaria viridis var. robustaalba Schreiber). The roots lost 14C‐atrazine very quickly, and the loss was similar in either water or 12C‐atrazine. Atrazine appears to be restricted to the apoplast of the root. 14C‐atrazine was lost more rapidly than either 14C‐simazine or 14C‐propazine to water or to solutions containing the unlabelled herbicide. Efflux of 14C‐simazine was greater than that of 14C‐propazine to solutions of CaCl2. From the pattern of efflux, it was concluded that 14C‐simazine and 14C‐propazine accumulated in the root symplast. Furthermore, the decreases in chloro‐s‐triazine absorption in the presence of metabolic inhibitors (dinitrophenol, sodium arsenite) may suggest that 14C‐simazine and 14C‐propazine entered the symplast by an energy‐dependent process.

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“…Hydrolytic dehalogenation is observed during 2-chloro-s-triazine metabolism in highly tolerant corn and Coix Lacryma-jobi and in susceptible wheat and rye, but it is unimportant in other plants such as tolerant sorghum and intermediately susceptible oat, barley and soybean (2). Hydrolytic dehalogenation has also been reported in the metabolism of the 2-chloro-i-triazines in wild cane (sorghum bicolor), spruce, potato, yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) and various Setaria and Panicum species (1,2,4,5,12,(17)(18)(19)(20).…”

Section: Hydrolytic Dehalogenationmentioning

confidence: 93%

The Metabolism of Atrazine and Related 2-Chloro-4,6-bis(alkylamino)-s-triazines in Plants

Lamoureux¹,

Simoneaux²,

Larson³

1998

ACS Symposium Series

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The metabolism of atrazine and related 2-chloro-4,6-bis(alkylamino)-s -triazine herbicides in plants is reviewed and the structures of 13 metabolites recently identified from mature plants grown in the field are reported. The 2-chloro-4,6-bis(alkylamino)-s-triazines are initially metabolized in plants by three competing reactions: hydrolytic dehalogenation, N-dealkylation, and glutathione (GSH) conjugation. Metabolites produced by N-dealkylation can be further metabolized by hydrolytic dehalogenation or GSH conjugation, those produced by hydrolytic dehalogenation can be further metabolized by N-dealkylation and it is proposed that those from the GSH conjugation pathway may slowly become hydroxylated at the 2-position of the triazine ring. Ten metabolites of atrazine have been identified from the N-dealkylation and hydroxylation pathways and 14 have been identified from the GSH conjugation pathway. Three additional metabolites that have an amino function on the 2-position of the triazine ring have been identified, but their route of formation is uncertain.2-Chloro-4,6-bis(alkylamino)-i-triazine (2-chloro-.s-triazine) metabolism in plants has been extensively studied and comprehensive reviews have been written on the chemical and physical properties, metabolism and mode of action of these compounds (7) and on their metabolism and selectivity in plants (2). Based upon numerous studies conducted since the first patent was filed for these herbicides in 1954, the 2-chloro-5"-triazines such as atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-5-triazine), simazine (2-chloro-4,6-bis[ethylamino]-s-triazine), and propazine (2-chloro-4,6-bis[isopropylamino]-^-triazine) have been shown to be metabolized in plants by three competing initial reactions: N-dealkylation of the side-4 Current Address: ABC Laboratori es Cal i forni a, Madera, CA 93638 60

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Metabolism of Chloros-Triazine Herbicides byPanicumandSetaria

Cited by 33 publications

References 17 publications

Physiological Basis for Triazine Herbicide Tolerance in Bermudagrass, Seashore Paspalum, and Zoysiagrass

Physiological Basis for Triazine Herbicide Tolerance in Bermudagrass, Seashore Paspalum, and Zoysiagrass

Absorption and efflux of chloro‐s‐triazines by Setaria roots*

The Metabolism of Atrazine and Related 2-Chloro-4,6-bis(alkylamino)-s-triazines in Plants

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