Metabolism of Cartilage

Stockwell, R. A.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-319501-2.50015-7

Cited by 33 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 151 publications

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“…Indeed, it has been established that the in vivo metabolism of avascular cartilage is predominantly anaerobic, although a small amount of oxygen is necessary for normal growth and matrix synthesis (13,14), Our results can be interpreted either as an adaptation of chondrocytes to well-aerated conditions when they are transferred in the culture conditions or as an indication of a change in their differentiation state. In both cases one question remains unsolved: Is the increase in rhodamine 123 uptake the consequence of an increase in mitochondria size, number, or metabolic activity?…”

Section: Differences In Mitochondria1 Uptake Of Rhodaminementioning

confidence: 65%

Mitochondrial uptake of rhodamine 123 by rabbit articular chondrocytes

Benel

Ronot

Kornprobst³

et al. 1986

Cytometry

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Rhodamine 123 was used to stain and analyze by flow cytometry the mitochondria of rabbit articular chondrocytes. Stationary primary cultures and exponentially growing subcultures were compared to enzymatically released chondrocytes from cartilage. The increase in mitochondrial fluorescence, when chondrocytes are transferred from cartilage to culture environment, is suggestive of some change in chondrocyte adaptation andlor differentiation in these conditions. Key terms: Flow cytornetry, mitochondria, cell cycle, cell volumeIn most eukaryotic cells under normal aerobic conditions, the balance between respiratory and glycolytic metabolisms is related to growth and differentiated activities. Owing to their central role, mitochondria are sensitive indicators of this energy metabolism, and, moreover, their structure, activity, and biogenesis respond to physiological and pathological changes (6,16,17). However, why chondrocytes thrive, having poor but definite mitochondrial activities, in low oxygen tensions that other cell types would not tolerate and how this is related to the onset of their specific differentiation is not clearly understood (13,141. This prompted us to investigate possible changes in rnitochondrial metabolism as chondrocytes resume active cell multiplication when grown in vitro.Rhodamine 123, a positively charged fluorochrome at physiological pH, is able to stain mitochondria directly and provides low-background, high-fluorescence images of mitochondria. Use of this dye enables the selective staining of mitochondria in living cells and gives a good measure of mitochondria activity when quantified by flow cytometry (3,101.We have taken advantage of the specific mitochondria1 uptake of rhodamine 123 by living cells to re-examine the overall control of rnitochondrial activities in chondrocytes just released from cartilage as compared with cultured ones. MATERIALS AND METHODSCell Culture Chondrocytes were enzymatically released from articular cartilage of 1-to-3-month-old "Fauve de Bourgogne" rabbits using a modification of Green's technique (7,ll).Isolated cells were then cultured in HAM F12 medium (Gibco, Grand Island, NY) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (I.B.F., France), antibiotics (penicillin: 20 IU/ ml, streptomycin: 10 pg/ml, Special, France) and maintained at 37°C in an atmosphere of 75% N2, 20% 02, and 5% COz. When the monolayers reached confluence, cells were trypsinized and the first passage then obtained. Chondrocytes were seeded in 35-mm Petri dishes (7. lo4 cells) for microscopic examination and growth curves, and in 25-cm2 flasks (3.105 cells) for flow cytometric analysis. Cell SizingElectronic aperture impedance was used as a signal for cell volume measurements.The system consists of a Coulter counter (model ZBI) and a pulse height analyzer (Coulter Channel AnalyserCoultronics). Cell volume was calculated after determination of the distribution maximal channel.Rhodamine 123 Uptake Rhodamine 123 (laser dye purity) was purchased from Eastman Organic Chemicals (Rochester, NY). The s...

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Section: Differences In Mitochondria1 Uptake Of Rhodaminementioning

confidence: 65%

Mitochondrial uptake of rhodamine 123 by rabbit articular chondrocytes

Benel

Ronot

Kornprobst³

et al. 1986

Cytometry

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“…Although the turnover rate of stable isotopes in human bone collagen is unknown, extrapolation from animal experiments and studies of the 14C content of human bone collagen suggest that it takes a long time (years to decades) for total replacement to occur (Stockwell, 1983;Tieszen et al, 1983;Boutton et al, 1984). The isotopes in collagen from human bone consequently reflect the average diet a person consumed over a number of years rather than seasonal variations in diet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Stable nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios in bone collagen as indices of prehistoric dietary dependence on marine and terrestrial resources in Southern California

Walker

DeNiro

1986

American J Phys Anthropol

194

109

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The ratios of 15N to 14N and 13C to 12C tend to be higher in marine than in terrestrial organisms. The concentrations of these isotopes in human bone collagen consequently can be used to make inferences about the contribution of marine and terrestrial resources to prehistoric diets. The utility of studying 15N/14N and 13C/12C ratios in conjunction with each other is illustrated by our analysis of 40 human burials from archaeological sites in the Santa Barbara Channel area of southern California. The mean delta 13C and delta 15N values (in per mil) of collagen from these skeletons decrease progressively from the Channel Islands (delta 13C = -14.0, delta 15N = +16.3) to the mainland coast (delta 13C = -14.5, delta 15N = +14.9) to the interior (delta 13C = -17.2, delta 15N = +10.9). These data suggest that Indians living on the Channel Islands during the late prehistoric period were heavily dependent on marine resources. The inhabitants of the mainland interior, in contrast, had a diet composed largely of terrestrial foods. From their isotope ratios, it appears that the Indians who lived on the mainland coast consumed a mixed diet containing substantial quantities of both marine and terrestrial resources. Differences in 15N/14N and 13C/12C ratios of individuals from mainland sites dating from the early and late prehistoric periods show that the marine component of the diet increased substantially through time. These isotopic data are consistent with pathological, faunal, and artifactual evidence of increased marine resource exploitation during the late prehistoric period.

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“…Newly synthesized matrix molecules like procollagen and PG's are secreted by the cells and transported away while undergoing an assembly process to form fibers and large immobilized molecular aggregates. 15,41,47,51,56 In addition the thus formed extracellular matrix is also subject to physical, chemical and chondrocyte mediated degradation, leading to a constant matrix remodeling. 10,50,53 In the course of time the construct's collagen and proteoglycan content can approach a steady state, 16 resulting from a balance between synthesis, incorporation and degradation and/or product inhibited synthesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Local Matrix Distribution and the Functional Development of Tissue Engineered Cartilage, a Finite Element Study

et al. 2004

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Abstract-Assessment of the functionality of tissue engineered cartilage constructs is hampered by the lack of correlation between global measurements of extra cellular matrix constituents and the global mechanical properties. Based on patterns of matrix deposition around individual cells, it has been hypothesized previously, that mechanical functionality arises when contact occurs between zones of matrix associated with individual cells. The objective of this study is to determine whether the local distribution of newly synthesized extracellular matrix components contributes to the evolution of the mechanical properties of tissue engineered cartilage constructs. A computational homogenization approach was adopted, based on the concept of a periodic representative volume element. Local transport and immobilization of newly synthesized matrix components were described. Mechanical properties were taken dependent on the local matrix concentration and subsequently the global aggregate modulus and hydraulic permeability were derived. The transport parameters were varied to assess the effect of the evolving matrix distribution during culture. The results indicate that the overall stiffness and permeability are to a large extent insensitive to differences in local matrix distribution. This emphasizes the need for caution in the visual interpretation of tissue functionality from histology and underlines the importance of complementary measurements of the matrix's intrinsic molecular organization.

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Metabolism of Cartilage

Cited by 33 publications

References 151 publications

Mitochondrial uptake of rhodamine 123 by rabbit articular chondrocytes

Mitochondrial uptake of rhodamine 123 by rabbit articular chondrocytes

Stable nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios in bone collagen as indices of prehistoric dietary dependence on marine and terrestrial resources in Southern California

The Local Matrix Distribution and the Functional Development of Tissue Engineered Cartilage, a Finite Element Study

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