Metabolism of bisazobiphenyl dyes derived from benzidine, 3,3?-dimethylbenzidine or 3,3?-dimethoxybenzidine to carcinogenic aromatic amines in the dog and rat*1

Effects of Ethanol and Phenobarbital on Hemoglobin Adducts Formation in Rats Exposed to Benzidine and Direct Black 38

“…When same doses of BZ were administered according to BZ azo dyes in dogs that have a similar carcinogenesis mechanism as humans, the results showed that the amount of urinary BZ was less BZ administered with the administration of Direct Black 4 and Direct Red 28 but was similar with the administration of Direct Green 1 and Direct Orange 8 64) . Direct Brown showed more urinary BZ compared with BZ group 65) .…”

“…These results were similar to the study done by Birner et al (1990) 27) who used the BZ azo dye, Direct Black 29. This cause could not be explained clearly since the mechanism of 4ABP production with BZ metabolites has not been elucidated 64) , needing further studies in the future.…”

Summary of the National Toxicology Program Benzidine Dye Initiative

“…Concentrations of benzidine, 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine or 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine in the starting dyes also were determined by gas chromatography. In analyses of both the urine and the dyes, the identities of the chromatographic peaks were confirmed by mass spectrometry (10).…”

Inhibition of HIV-1-Induced Cytopathogenicity, Syncytium Formation, and Virus-Cell Binding by Naphthalenedisulphonic Acids through Interaction with the Viral Envelope gp120 Glycoprotein

“…Other sulphonic acid compounds, including dyes such as Evans blue, have been identified as anti-HIV-1 agents (Balzarini et al, 1986;Baba et al, 1988a). However, the sulphonate dyes may have possible carcinogenicity generated by their amine metabolites in vivo (Lynn et al, 1980;Bowman et al, 1983). To circumvent this problem, we have recently designed and synthesized a novel series of naphthalenedisulphonic acid derivatives newly designed naphthalenesulphonic acids have indicated that it is possible to increase the antiviral activity and reduce the cytotoxicity of this class of compounds (data not shown).…”