Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of Sulfamonomethoxine in Edible Fish Species

Determination of sulfamonomethoxine in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis mossambicus) by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application pharmacokinetics study

“…The C max of SMM in order of magnitude was blood > kidney > liver > bile > muscle. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of SMM for pathogenic bacteria such as Aeromonas salmonicida , Aeromonas hydrophila , and Vibrio anguillarum are between 1.6 and 3.2mg L −1 [ 14 ]. The C max in the blood (9.57 mg L −1 ) was above the MICs.…”

“…The k e in order of magnitude was blood > liver > kidney > bile > muscle. In comparison, the k e (0.032 h −1 ) of SMM in tilapia blood was higher than that in eel (0.005 h −1 ), yellowtail (0.015 h −1 ), and rainbow trout (0.02 h −1 ) [ 14 ]. T 1/2 reflects the elimination rate of a drug from the body.…”

“…Acetylation (%) is calculated by dividing the total AUC (i.e., AUC AC–SMM ) by AUC SMM + AUC AC–SMM and then multiplying the result by 100%. The equation is as follows [ 14 ]:…”

“…Regarding SAs, numerous PK profile studies have been reported in various aquatic animal species, namely shrimp ( Fenneropenaeus chinensis ) [ 12 ], summer flounder ( Paralichthys dentatus ) [ 13 ], walleye ( Sander vitreus ) [ 13 ], eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) [ 14 ], rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) [ 15 ], yellowtail ( Seriola quinqueradiata ) [ 15 ], Atlantic salmon ( Sdmo sahr ) [ 16 ], and penaeid shrimp ( Penaeus vannamei ) [ 17 ].…”

The effect of sulfamonomethoxine treatment on the gut microbiota of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

“…Sulfamonomethoxine [4‐amino‐N‐(2‐methoxypyrimidinyl) benzenesulfonamide] is the most common SA (Huang, Hou, Kuo, & Lai, 2014). Sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) is a broad‐spectrum antibiotic that affects both gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria; sulfamonomethoxine effectively treats various aquaculture diseases, such as Vibrio disease, Salmonella disease, and redfin disease (Duijkeren, Vulro, & Miert, 1994; Ueno, 1999). Because sulfamonomethoxine is structurally similar to para‐aminobenzoic acid (PABA), this SA can compete with PABA to act on bacterial dihydrofolate synthase, preventing bacteria from using PABA to synthesize necessary folic acid, and reducing the metabolic activity of tetrahydrofolate (Achari et al, 1997).…”