During the past few years, our laboratory has been interested in the possible involvement of cyclic nucleotides and protein phosphorylation in neuronal function. A major part of this work has been directed towards evaluating the possibility that cyclic AMP is responsible for the genesis of slow postsynaptic potentials at certain synapses. The question of a similar function for cyclic GMP as a mediator of the action of neurotransmitters at other types of synapses has also been considered. In addition, evidence supporting two other roles for cyclic AMP and protein phosphorylation in nervous function, that of regulating microtubular function and that of regulating neurotransmitter synthesis, has been obtained. A schematic diagram illustrating these various proposed roles is shown in Figure 1. In this article, we shall summarize some of these studies on the possible involvement of cyclic nucleotides in neuronal function and also indicate briefly some important unresolved issues and possible approaches toward their resolution.