Metabolic Syndrome Rates in United States Adolescents, from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002

Cook, Stephen; Auinger, Peggy; Li, Chaoyang; Ford, Earl S.

doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.06.004

Cited by 291 publications

(245 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Even lean patients had high prevalence of multiple CVRF, with nearly one-quarter having two or three CVRF. Overweight (BMI Ͼ85 th to Յ95 th percentile) participants had very high prevalence of multiple CVRF, similar to rates in obese (BMI Ͼ95 th percentile) children without kidney disease (28). This pattern differentiates the population of children with CKD from healthy children, in whom the coexistence of multiple CVRF is extremely infrequent, and restricted to those who are obese (28).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Prevalence and Correlates of Multiple Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease

Wilson

Schneider

Cox

et al. 2011

Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

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SummaryBackground and objectives Although prevalence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) has been described in children with CKD, the frequency with which these CVRF occur concomitantly and the clinical characteristics associated with multiple CVRF are unknown. This study determined the prevalence and characteristics of multiple CVRF in children in the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children study.Design, setting, participants, & measurements Using cross-sectional data from first follow-up visits, we determined the prevalence of four CVRF: hypertension (casual BP Ͼ95 th percentile or self-reported hypertension with concurrent use of anti-hypertensive medication), dyslipidemia (triglycerides Ͼ130 mg/dl, HDL Ͻ40 mg/dl, non-HDL Ͼ160 mg/dl, or use of lipid-lowering medication), obesity (BMI Ͼ95 th percentile), and abnormal glucose metabolism (fasting glucose Ͼ110 mg/dl, insulin Ͼ20 IU/ml, or HOMA-IR Ͼ2.20, Ͼ3.61, or Ͼ3.64 for those at Tanner stage 1, 2 to 3, or 4 to 5, respectively) in 250 children (median age 12.2 years, 74% Caucasian, median iohexol-based GFR 45.2 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 ).Results Forty-six percent had hypertension, 44% had dyslipidemia, 15% were obese, and 21% had abnormal glucose metabolism. Thirty-nine percent, 22%, and 13% had one, two, and three or more CVRF, respectively. In multivariate ordinal logistic regression analysis, glomerular disease and nephrotic-range proteinuria were associated with 1.96 (95% confidence interval, 1.04 to 3.72) and 2.04 (95% confidence interval, 0.94 to 4.43) higher odds of having more CVRF, respectively. ConclusionsWe found high prevalence of multiple CVRF in children with mild to moderate CKD. Children with glomerular disease may be at higher risk for future cardiovascular events.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Prevalence and Correlates of Multiple Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease

Wilson

Schneider

Cox

et al. 2011

Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

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“…This is fairly consistent with a recent paper by Johnson et al from NHANES, in which about half of the participants had at least one disordered measurement, with an overall MetS prevalence of 8.6%, which is higher than our data, partly due to different MetS criteria used by Johnson et al (7). Also using NHANES data, Cook et al reported that the prevalence of MetS among adolescents varied from just >9% to as low as 2%, depending on the criteria used (27). Therefore, our population is on the lower limit of this MetS estimate; however, as our study was conducted among high school students interested in nutrition and medical research, who are more fit and have a lower BMI, it is likely that this is an underestimate compared with the general adolescent population in Canada.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular risk factors, diet and lifestyle among European, South Asian and Chinese adolescents in Canada

2012

Paediatrics and Child Health

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U nlike in adults, about whom much has been learned with respect to the pathogenesis of atherogenic cardiovascular disease (CVD), there remains a relative lack of basic and clinical data on adolescents. Recent data have begun to suggest, however, that the origins of CVD can be traced back to childhood (1,2). The risk for future development of CVD in children with abnormal values for cardiovascular risk factors (RF) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) is high, and early indicators for CVD, such as carotid artery intimal-media thickness and atherosclerotic plaques, have been shown to develop in childhood (3,4).Although the details of the transition from CVD RF in adolescents to CVD in adults are not clear, compelling evidence indicates that the pathological processes associated with CVD can be tracked from adolescence to adulthood (5,6). The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) reported a high prevalence of CVD RF among adolescents, with about half of the OBJECtiVE: The authors previously reported that adult South Asian immigrants to Canada have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to their European and Chinese counterparts. It is unknown whether these ethnic differences also exist among adolescents, and whether they are related to diet and lifestyle. The objective of the present study was to assess the prevalence of CVD risk factors among apparently healthy adolescents in the three largest ethnic population groups in Canada (European, South Asian and Chinese). MEtHODS: A cross-sectional study among secondary school students in the Greater Toronto Area was undertaken. A total of 203 adolescents from 62 GTA secondary schools were recruited (48% Europeans, 35% Chinese and 18% South Asians) with a mean age of 17.3±1 years; 72% were female. RESUltS: Similar to adults, South Asian adolescents have increased rates of CVD risk factors compared with their European and Chinese peers, including higher prevalence of low high-density lipoprotein levels (P=0.001), high triglycerides (P=0.006) and high triglyceride/ high-density lipoprotein levels (P<0.001), despite no significant differences in dietary intake among the ethnic groups. European adolescents had higher rates of self-reported intensity of physical activity (P=0.002) than their Chinese or South Asian peers. COnClUSiOnS: Similar to adult data, South Asian adolescents have comparably higher rates of CVD risk factors compared with their European or Chinese peers, which could partly be attributed to lower physical activity in South Asian adolescents. Whether the findings in these selected samples of healthy adolescents can be generalized to their respective populations requires further validation. RÉSUltAtS : Tout comme les adultes, les adolescents sud-asiatiques présentent un taux plus élevé de facteurs de risque de MCV que leurs homologues européens et chinois, y compris une plus forte prévalence de lipoprotéines de haute densité (HDL) faibles (P=0,001), de triglycérides (TG) élevés (P=0,006), et de ratio TG/HDL élevé (P<0,001), ma...

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“…The prevalence of MetS varies during childhood and adolescence (3,4) . Regardless of the classification criteria, studies corroborate the increased prevalence of MetS among overweight and obese adolescents (5)(6)(7)(8) .…”

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confidence: 84%

Relationship between ultra-processed foods and metabolic syndrome in adolescents from a Brazilian Family Doctor Program

Tavares

Fonseca

Rosa

et al. 2011

Public Health Nutr.

266

220

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Objective: To estimate the association between food intake and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Design: Cross-sectional design conducted from July 2006 to December 2007. Setting: Adolescents assisted by the Family Doctor Program (FDP) in Niterói, a metropolitan area in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Subjects: Survey of 210 adolescents. Individuals with three or more of the following components of MetS were classified as having this syndrome: TAG $ 110 mg/dl; HDL cholesterol , 50 mg/dl for girls aged 12-19 years and boys aged 12-14 years or ,45 mg/dl for boys aged 15-19 years; waist circumference $75th percentile; serum glucose .100 mg/dl; and blood pressure $90th percentile. A semi-quantitative FFQ was used, and foods were grouped as: unprocessed or minimally processed foods (Group 1), processed culinary and food industry ingredients (Group 2) and ultra-processed foods (Group 3). The associations between food consumption and MetS were adjusted for sociodemographic, behavioural and family history covariates and were estimated using generalized estimation equations with the Poisson regression model. Results: MetS was diagnosed in 6?7 % of the adolescents; the most frequent diagnostic criteria included the reduction of HDL cholesterol (46?7 %), elevated serum glucose (17?1 %) and the elevation of waist circumference (16?7 %). Crude analysis showed higher average daily intakes of energy, carbohydrates and ultraprocessed foods among adolescents with MetS. After statistical adjustment, the intake of ultra-processed foods ($3rd quartile) remained associated with MetS (prevalence ratio 5 2?5; P 5 0?012). Conclusions: High consumption of ultra-processed foods was associated with the prevalence of MetS in this adolescents group.

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Metabolic Syndrome Rates in United States Adolescents, from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002

Cited by 291 publications

References 71 publications

Prevalence and Correlates of Multiple Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease

Prevalence and Correlates of Multiple Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease

Cardiovascular risk factors, diet and lifestyle among European, South Asian and Chinese adolescents in Canada

Relationship between ultra-processed foods and metabolic syndrome in adolescents from a Brazilian Family Doctor Program

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