Metabolic Syndrome in Childhood Predicts Adult Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 25 to 30 Years Later

Metabolic syndrome and its associated early-life factors in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study in Guangzhou, China

“…In 2014, Miller et al reported that approximately 73·2 % of the participants in their study presented at least one feature, with an estimated MetS prevalence of 10·1 % among adolescents in the USA (2) . A study in 2012 showed that the prevalence of MetS in six cities in China was 27·6 % in obese participants and 0·2 % in normal-weight children (3) .Morrison et al showed that MetS during childhood predicts adult MetS and type 2 diabetes mellitus 25-30 years later (4) . This finding emphasizes the importance of early control of MetS during childhood as a strategy for primary prevention of CVD later in life.…”

Determination of the BMI threshold that predicts cardiovascular risk and insulin resistance in late childhood

“…* A significant difference from children with BMI percentile below than the threshold (71.3 for boys and 77.1 for girls), using x 2 test: P < 0.05. y A significant difference from children with BMI percentile below than the threshold (71.3 for boys and 77.1 for girls), using x 2 test: P < 0.01. We defined cardiovascular risk as the presence of 3 or more risk factors in children including high systolic or diastolic blood pressure, high triglycerides, low HDL-cholesterol, impaired glucose tolerance and waist circumference, following the criteria of Cook et al, which have been demonstrated to predict the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus later in adulthood in prospective studies [18,20]. The criteria utilized in the BHS and Messiah's study have not been verified to predict the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus later in adulthood in longitudinal studies.…”

“…For lipid levels and glucose concentrations, the suggestions of Cook et al were adopted, because the criteria were used to predict adult cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus in prospective studies [18,20,31]. Accordingly, high TG was defined as values >1.24 mmol/L and low HDL-cholesterol was defined as values <1.03 mmol/L.…”

“…Increased insulin resistance in childhood is associated with a constellation of cardiovascular risk factors and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus during late childhood and adolescence [14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Insulin sensitivity changes throughout growth.…”

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors in a group of obese Saudi children and adolescents: A hospital-based study

“…Obesity in childhood is associated with the development of the metabolic syndrome 34. Although the endpoints for cardiovascular risk are not usually seen in childhood, the components of the insulin resistance syndrome (obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia) track from childhood into adulthood 5.…”