Metabolic Syndrome in Childhood Predicts Adult Cardiovascular Disease 25 Years Later: The Princeton Lipid Research Clinics Follow-up Study

Abstract

Evaluating children for metabolic syndrome could identify patients at increased risk of adult cardiovascular disease, making targeted interventions possible.

Body Composition Indices and Single and Clustered Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Adolescents: Providing Clinical-Based Cut-Points

“…In this line, changes in age-specific BMI percentile from childhood to adulthood and pediatric metabolic syndrome were found to be predictors of CVD 26 . Some studies have shown WC…”

Tracking and determinants of subcutaneous fat mass in early childhood: the Generation R Study

“…3,4 Childhood obesity tends to track into adulthood, meaning that subjects keep their ranking position in body mass index (BMI) distribution over time. 5 Obesity in childhood is defined by BMI. However, BMI is not an appropriate measure for fat mass, which is the actual harmful factor of obesity.…”

Determination of the BMI threshold that predicts cardiovascular risk and insulin resistance in late childhood

“…* A significant difference from children with BMI percentile below than the threshold (71.3 for boys and 77.1 for girls), using x 2 test: P < 0.05. y A significant difference from children with BMI percentile below than the threshold (71.3 for boys and 77.1 for girls), using x 2 test: P < 0.01. We defined cardiovascular risk as the presence of 3 or more risk factors in children including high systolic or diastolic blood pressure, high triglycerides, low HDL-cholesterol, impaired glucose tolerance and waist circumference, following the criteria of Cook et al, which have been demonstrated to predict the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus later in adulthood in prospective studies [18,20]. The criteria utilized in the BHS and Messiah's study have not been verified to predict the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus later in adulthood in longitudinal studies.…”

“…For lipid levels and glucose concentrations, the suggestions of Cook et al were adopted, because the criteria were used to predict adult cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus in prospective studies [18,20,31]. Accordingly, high TG was defined as values >1.24 mmol/L and low HDL-cholesterol was defined as values <1.03 mmol/L.…”

“…Increased insulin resistance in childhood is associated with a constellation of cardiovascular risk factors and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus during late childhood and adolescence [14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Insulin sensitivity changes throughout growth.…”