Metabolic Syndrome During Perinatal Period in Sows and the Link With Gut Microbiota and Metabolites

Cheng, Chuanshang; Wei, Hong; Yu, Huichao; Xu, Chong; Jiang, Siwen

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01989

Cited by 73 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(68 reference statements)

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“…Acetate, a carbohydrate fermentation product, is produced by the majority of enteric bacteria. It was more than 50% of the total SCFA in feces in this study, which is in agreement with the findings of both Zhou et al 2 and Cheng et al 8 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Interestingly, we also found that the microbiota community richness was increased with the lactation progress. This is in agreement with Cheng et al 8 , who found the lowest gut microbial richness on day 3 of lactation. This may help explain how the physiological process of farrowing significantly changes the abundance of maternal gut microbiota, as well as how microflora continue to remodel and stabilize over the time.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Additionally, we found that concentrations of total and individual SCFA increased from day 1 to day 21 of lactation, which aligns with the work of Cheng et al 8 , who found an increase in butyrate from day 3 to day 14 in lactating sows. Diets supplemented with lysozyme decreased sows' acetate, butyrate and SCFAs on day 7 of lactation, while they decreased the butyrate on day 21 of lactation compared with the control treatment.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Used the same sows to collect samples at days 7 and 21 of lactation. Fresh feces were collected by massaging the rectum of each sow 8 . Sows had no diarrhea or other disease before sampling.…”

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During farrowing the substantial physiological changes associated can lead to inflammatory reactions in sows 6 . Furthermore, studies have found an increase in pro-inflammatory factors during early lactation that was significantly higher than during early pregnancy or during the late stages of lactation 7,8 .…”

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confidence: 99%

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Fecal bacteria and metabolite responses to dietary lysozyme in a sow model from late gestation until lactation

Shi

Dong

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Lysozyme (LZM) is a natural anti-bacterial protein that is found in the saliva, tears and milk of all mammals including humans. Its anti-bacterial properties result from the ability to cleave bacterial cell walls, causing bacterial death. The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary LZM on fecal microbial composition and variation in metabolites in sow. The addition of LZM decreased the fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Zonulin and endotoxin in the serum, and feces, were decreased with lysozyme supplementation. Furthermore, fecal concentrations of lipocalin-2 and the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α were also decreased while the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was increased by lysozyme supplementation. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the V3-V4 region suggested that fecal microbial levels changed at different taxonomic levels with the addition of LZM. Representative changes included the reduction of diversity between sows, decreased Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Tenericutes and Spirochaetes during lactation as well as an increase in Lactobacillus. These findings suggest that dietary lysozyme supplementation from late gestation to lactation promote microbial changes, which would potentially be the mechanisms by which maternal metabolites and inflammatory status was altered after LZM supplementation.Microbial diversity in sows' feces. A total of 54 fecal samples were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Average raw reads, average effective tags and average operational taxonomic units (OTUs) for each treatment were shown in Supplementary Table S1. A set of 1,272 OTUs existed in all treatments and were thus defined as core OTUs (Fig. S2). These comprised 71.5% of the total number of OTUs, whereas 44,37,52, 135,47, 105, 72,56 and 57 OTUs were uniquely identified at Con. d1, LZM 150 d1, LZM 300 d1, Con. d7, LZM 150 d7, LZM 300 d7, Con. d21, LZM 150 d21 and LZM 300 d21, respectively (Fig. S2). To determine the bacterial diversity, the alpha and beta diversity of the fecal microbiota were assessed. We then compared the richness (observed species and Chao 1 index) and diversity (Shannon index) indices for the alpha diversity. As demonstrated in Table 2, LZM 300 diets decreased the observed species and Chao 1 index at day 21 of lactation. The lactation stage had a significant effect on fecal microbial community richness, with a Chao 1 index on day 1 of lactation being lower than at other stages (P < 0.01). A decrease in Shannon index (fecal microbial community diversity) with LZM supplementation at 300 mg/kg was found on day 7 and 21 of lactation (P < 0.01). For the analysis of beta diversity, the relationships among Control, LZM 150 and LZM 300 on day 1, 7 and 21 of lactation in the gut microbiome were examined by principal component analysis. The gut microbiota of sows showed obvious segregation in the different treatments, especially in treatment LZM300 d21 (Fig. 3) based on weighted UniFrac distance. The PERMANOVA analysis found that the bacterial community structure was significantly (P < 0...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fecal bacteria and metabolite responses to dietary lysozyme in a sow model from late gestation until lactation

Shi

Dong

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Effects of dietary fibers with different physicochemical properties on fermentation kinetics and microbial composition by fecal inoculum from lactating sows in vitro

Bai

et al. 2020

J Sci Food Agric

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BACKGROUNDEfficient utilization of dietary fibers (DFs) is important for optimizing feed resource utilization and animal health. The aim of the current study was to assess the effects of DFs with varying physicochemical properties (bulky, viscous, and fermentable) on fermentation kinetics and microbial composition during in vitro fermentation by fecal inoculum from lactating sow. According to the physicochemical properties, three different DFs, lignocellulose (LC), modified cassava starch (MCS) and konjac flour (KF) were selected as bulky fiber, fermentable fiber and viscous fiber respectively. Gas production, short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) profiles and microbial composition were monitored during the fermentation.RESULTSResults showed that the gas production in 72 h (GP72h) ranked as: KF > MCS > LC (P < 0.05). The halftime of asymptotic gas production ranked as: KF < MCS = LC (P < 0.001). At 36 h of fermentation, MCS group showed higher concentrations of formic acid and lactate than LC and KF groups, whereas KF group showed higher concentrations of propionate and butyrate than LC and MCS groups (P < 0.05). At 72 h of fermentation, KF group showed higher concentrations of formic acid, lactate and propionate than LC and MCS groups, whereas MCS group showed higher concentrations of acetate and butyrate than LC and KF groups (P < 0.05). At 36 h of fermentation, Anaerovibrio and Erysipelatoclostridium abundances were higher in KF group, whereas Proteiniclasticum abundance was higher in MCS group. At 72 h of fermentation, the abundance of Fibrobacter in LC group was higher than that in MCS and KF groups. In addition, we also observed that the abundances of certain specific bacteria (Anaerovibrio and Erysipelatoclostridium) were closely related to the SCFAs production (propionate and butyrate) at different fermentation times.CONCLUSIONCollectively, the present study revealed that KF is a fast fermentation fiber which could produce propionate and butyrate rapidly, whereas LC is difficult to be fermented by bacteria. In addition, the fermentation of DFs with different physicochemical properties had divergent impacts on microbial composition and SCFA production. These findings deepen our understanding of the mechanisms of interaction between DFs and intestinal microbiota, and provide new ideas for the rational use of fiber resources in lactating sows. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry

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Silibinin Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide Induced Inflammation in Porcine Mammary Epithelial Cells via mTOR/NF‐κB Signaling Pathway

Jiang

Liu

et al. 2023

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

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Scope Inflammatory responses reduce milk production in lactating sow. Silymarin (Silibinin is main component) reduces the inflammatory reaction and increases milk yield in lactating sow in the previous study. In the present study, silibinin may be a previously unrecognized nutrients in inflammatory resolution in porcine mammary epithelial cells (PMECs) is hypothesized. Methods and results PMECs are treated with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the absence or presence of silibinin to test cell viability, cell cycle, cell apoptosis, cellular inflammatory factors, and signaling protein phosphorylation and expression. Silibinin promotes the proliferation of PMEC independent of the estrogen pathway. In LPS‐induced damage of PMECs, silibinin protects cell proliferation, as well as reduced cell apoptosis. Silibinin reverses the LPS‐induced increase in tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) expression compared with control. In addition, silibinin accentuates the LPS‐induced decrease in the key proteins phosphorylated‐ribosomal protein S6 (p‐S6) and phosphorylated‐mammalian target of rapamycin (p‐mTOR) of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Furthermore, silibinin reverses the increase in phosphorylated‐nuclear factor‐kappa B p65 (p‐NF‐κB p65), phosphorylated‐Ikappab‐alpha (p‐IκB‐α), and phosphorylated‐Mitogen‐activated protein kinase p38 (p‐MAPK p38) expression in LPS‐induced damage in PMECs. Conclusion This study highlights silibinin‐mTOR/NF‐κB axis plays an important role in the control of inflammation in PMECs, and suggests that silibinin may be an effective dietary strategy to alleviate the inflammatory response in lactating sow.

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Metabolic Syndrome During Perinatal Period in Sows and the Link With Gut Microbiota and Metabolites

Cited by 73 publications

References 57 publications

Fecal bacteria and metabolite responses to dietary lysozyme in a sow model from late gestation until lactation

Fecal bacteria and metabolite responses to dietary lysozyme in a sow model from late gestation until lactation

Effects of dietary fibers with different physicochemical properties on fermentation kinetics and microbial composition by fecal inoculum from lactating sows in vitro

Silibinin Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide Induced Inflammation in Porcine Mammary Epithelial Cells via mTOR/NF‐κB Signaling Pathway

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