Metabolic syndrome: definitions and controversies

Kassi, Eva; Pervanidou, Panagiota; Kaltsas, Gregory; Chrousos, George P.

doi:10.1186/1741-7015-9-48

Cited by 1,121 publications

(944 citation statements)

References 138 publications

(120 reference statements)

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“…63 Metabolic syndrome (MS) is very common after liver transplantation (43%-58% in various series as compared to a pretransplant prevalence of 5-29%). 64 It has been associated with increased risks of cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular death, liver-related death, and overall mortality.…”

Section: Kidney Injury and Immunosuppressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Status of Immunosuppression in Liver Transplantation

Choudhary

Saigal

Shukla

et al. 2013

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology

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With advancements in immunosuppressive strategies and availability of better immunosuppressive agents, survival rate following liver transplantation has improved significantly in the recent times. Besides improvements in surgical techniques, the most important factor that has contributed to this better outcome is the progress made in the field of immunosuppression. Over the last several years, the trend has changed to tailored immunosuppression with the aim of achieving optimal graft function while avoiding its undesirable side effects. Induction agents are no longer used routinely and the aim is to provide minimal immunosuppression in the maintenance phase. The present review discusses the various types of immunosuppressive agents, their mechanism of action, clinical utility, advantages and disadvantages, and their side effects in short and long-term. It also discusses about tailoring immunosuppression in presence of various situations such as renal dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, hepatitis C recurrence, cytomegalovirus infections and so on. The issue of chronic kidney disease and the available renal sparing immunosuppressive strategies has been particularly stressed upon. Finally, it discusses about the practical aspects of various immunosuppression regimens including drug monitoring. ( J CLIN EXP HEPATOL 2013;3:150-158)

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Section: Kidney Injury and Immunosuppressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Status of Immunosuppression in Liver Transplantation

Choudhary

Saigal

Shukla

et al. 2013

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology

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“…MetS is defined by the presence of increased visceral adiposity, athe rogenic dyslipidemia [increased triglycerides (TGL), with decreased high density lipoprotein (HDL), and increased low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol serum levels], hypertension (HBP), and disturbances in glucose homeostasis (1). It represents a significant worldwide burden due to the alarming increase in its incidence over the last decades, in addition to its sig nificant morbidity and mortality (2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of the rs1801282 single nucleotide polymorphism of the PPARG gene in patients with metabolic syndrome

Rocha

Barra

Rosa

et al. 2015

Arch. Endocrinol. Metab.

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Objective: This study aimed to get the genotypic and allelic frequencies of rs1801282 in 179 volunteer donors and 154 patients with Metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Brasilia, Brazil and also examine the association with anthropometric, biochemical and hemodynamic variables in the latter group. MetS comprises a group of diseases resulting from insulin resistance, in-creased risk of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. MetS is defined by the presence of increased visceral fat, atherogenic dyslipidemia (elevated triglycerides (TGL)), with decreased high density lipoprotein (HDL) and increased low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, hypertension (BPH) and disturbances in glucose homeostasis representing a significant burden across the world due to the alarming increase in the incidence over the last decades besides their significant morbidity and mortality. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPARg) has been mentioned as a candidate gene for determining the risk of MetS. It is a member of the nuclear receptors superfamily and a ligand-activated transcription factor, which regulates the expression of genes involved in the network lipogenesis and adipogenesis, insulin sensitivity, energy balance, inflammation, angiogenesis and atherosclerosis. Among the PPARG genetic variants, single nucleotide polymorphism rs1801282 has been the most extensively studied one since it was first described by Yen and cols. in 1997. This polymorphism is characterized by the replacement of a proline (CCC) to an alanine (GCA) at codon 12 of exon B, due to the exchange of a cytosine with a guanine. The Ala allele frequency varies in different ethnic groups. Materials and methods: DNA was extracted using Chelex-100 method and determinations of genotypes were performed by allele-specific chain reaction. Results: The distribution of genotype frequency of the MetS group was not statistically different from the frequency in the donor population at large. In the first group, genotype frequency was CC to 0.869 and 0.103 for CG, while allelic frequencies were 0.948 for C and 0.052 for G allele. In the group of donors, the genotype and allele frequencies were 0.882 for CC, 0.117 to CG; and 0.941 to 0.059 for G and C, respectively. GG genotype was not found in any of the two groups. The genotype distribution and allele frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. No marker could be detected from the analysis of anthropometric, biochemical and hemodynamic variables in the MetS group. Conclusion: Our data suggest that this polymorphism is not correlated with predisposition to MetS. The results obtained on a small sample of the population of Brasilia, corroborate the data reported in the literature on the prevalence of this polymorphism in PPAR in populations of different ethnic origins. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2015;59(4):297-302

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“…The prevalence of MetS is rising in all countries; one possible reason is epidemic of obesity in most populations (1,2). In the current study, risk factors for the metabolic syndrome (16) including high triglyceride, LDL-C, total cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, systolic blood pressure, waist circumference and BMI were significantly higher in women with MetS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…Nowadays metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a worldwide epidemic and bears a high socioeconomic cost (1). Combinations of unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle and genetic factors have been known as the main risk factors for the incidence of MetS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association Between Omentin, Visfatin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 in Women With Metabolic Syndrome

Goodarzi¹,

Borzuei²,

Farimani³

et al. 2014

Avicenna J Med Biochem

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Background: Adipokines that are produced by adipose tissue have extensive effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and also on the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Objectives: This study aimed to measure the concentrations of omentin-1, visfatin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) as likely markers of metabolic syndrome and also to demonstrate their associations in women with MetS. Materials and Methods: Eighty women with MetS and eighty healthy women as controls participated in this study. Blood pressure, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), and serum biochemical parameters were determined in all subjects. The serum level of IGF-1, omentin-1 and visfatin were assessed using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The association between omentin, visfatin and IGF-1 was also determined in these women. Results: Significantly lower levels of omentin-1 and IGF-1 were observed in MetS subjects compared to the controls (P = 0.009 and < 0.001 respectively). However, a significant difference was not observed in visfatin concentration between the two studied groups (P = 0.67). A positive association was observed between omentin-1, visfatin and IGF-1 in the MetS group. Conclusions: Our findings indicated a lower level of both omentin-1 and IGF-1 in women with MetS; this might play a role in the pathogenesis of MetS. Furthermore, the main finding of the current investigation was the association between omentin, visfatin and IGF-1; however determining the molecular mechanism of the observed relationships needs further studies.

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Metabolic syndrome: definitions and controversies

Cited by 1,121 publications

References 138 publications

Current Status of Immunosuppression in Liver Transplantation

Current Status of Immunosuppression in Liver Transplantation

Prevalence of the rs1801282 single nucleotide polymorphism of the PPARG gene in patients with metabolic syndrome

Association Between Omentin, Visfatin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 in Women With Metabolic Syndrome

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