Metabolic syndrome by the international diabetes federation definition in Hong Kong Chinese

Ko, G. T. C.; Cockram, Clive S.; Chow, Chun Chung; Yeung, Vincent; Chan, Winston; So, Wing‐Yee; Chan, N.N.; Chan, Juliana C.N.

doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2005.11.009

Cited by 35 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Recent studies have shown prevalence rates of 9.6-55.7% in the general population using the National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP III) criteria, depending on the cohort used for evaluation (Meigs et al 2003;Ko et al 2006;Lu et al 2006;Day 2007). On the other hand, using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria, studies have shown prevalence rates of 7.4-50.0% (Ko et al 2006;Lu et al 2006). The aforesaid minimum and maximum percentage numbers result mainly from studies in Chinese populations.…”

Section: The Metabolic Syndromementioning

confidence: 96%

“…However, it is known that the prevalence of the MS increases with aging and that subjects that are classified with almost any definition of the MS are more insulin resistant compared to those without the MS (Meigs et al 2003;Day 2007). Recent studies have shown prevalence rates of 9.6-55.7% in the general population using the National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP III) criteria, depending on the cohort used for evaluation (Meigs et al 2003;Ko et al 2006;Lu et al 2006;Day 2007). On the other hand, using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria, studies have shown prevalence rates of 7.4-50.0% (Ko et al 2006;Lu et al 2006).…”

Section: The Metabolic Syndromementioning

confidence: 98%

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Perturbed Autonomic Nervous System Function in Metabolic Syndrome

2008

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The metabolic syndrome is characterized by the clustering of various common metabolic abnormalities in an individual and it is associated with increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Its prevalence in the general population is approximately 25%. Central fat accumulation and insulin resistance are considered as the common denominators of the abnormalities of the metabolic syndrome. Subjects with metabolic syndrome have autonomic nervous system dysfunction characterized by predominance of the sympathetic nervous system in many organs, i.e. heart, kidneys, vasculature, adipose tissue, and muscles. Sympathetic nervous system activation in metabolic syndrome is detected as increased heart rate and blood pressure, diminished heart rate variability, baroreceptor dysfunction, enhanced lipolysis in visceral fat, increased muscle sympathetic nerve activity, and high urine or plasma catecholamine concentrations as well as turnover rates. The augmented sympathetic activity in individuals with metabolic syndrome worsens prognosis of this high-risk population. The mechanisms linking metabolic syndrome with sympathetic activation are complex and not clearly understood. Whether sympathetic overactivity is involved in the development of the metabolic syndrome or is a consequence of it remains to be elucidated since data from prospective studies are missing. Intervention studies have demonstrated that the autonomic disturbances of the metabolic syndrome may be reversible.

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Section: The Metabolic Syndromementioning

confidence: 96%

Section: The Metabolic Syndromementioning

confidence: 98%

Perturbed Autonomic Nervous System Function in Metabolic Syndrome

2008

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“…The prevalence was lowest among Chinese and Korean people and highest among Maori and Paci¢c Islanders living in New Zealand in both men and women. Of those 22 studies that used the original NCEP de¢nition, ¢ve have estimated the prevalence using the original IDF de¢nition in the same population 21,23,27,30,42 (Table 3, Figure 1b). The IDF de¢nition yielded a higher prevalence of the metabolic syndrome compared with the NCEP de¢nition in all these studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease

Qiao¹,

Gao²,

Zhang³

et al. 2007

Ann Clin Biochem

144

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The clustering of metabolic and pathophysiological cardiovascular risk factors has long been recognized but it was Reaven who popularized the syndrome in the Banting lecture of 1988. Since 1999, several major international or national organizations proposed their own definitions for the syndrome, named the metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome varies according to definition, ethnicity and gender. The prevalence is under 20% among Chinese and Korean people but over 50% among Maori and Pacific Islanders in New Zealand. People with the metabolic syndrome have 50-60% higher cardiovascular risk than those without. The absolute cardiovascular risk of the metabolic syndrome, however, is not necessarily higher than those of its individual components. The pathogenesis underlying the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors remains unclear. Factors including genetic disposition, obesity, insulin resistance and inflammation have been suggested as being involved. Since the metabolic syndrome is multifactorial in origin, strategies for reducing cardiovascular risk in individuals with the metabolic syndrome involve the management of multiple risks. Lifestyle changes are an effective first-line management; pharmacological interventions for hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidaemia are in accordance with established guidelines. Pharmacological and surgical therapies for obesity are effective in selected patients. In this article we discuss the definitions, prevalence, pathogenesis and management of the metabolic syndrome in relation to cardiovascular risk.

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“…While excessive abdominal fat and insulin resistance are major characteristics of the disorder, a host of other abnormalities including elevated blood pressure and dyslipidemia (decreased high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), elevated low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and hypertriglyceridemia) are also indicative of MetS [5]. Whilst some individuals are genetically predisposed to such metabolic abnormalities as insulin resistance and obesity, external factors like alcohol consumption, smoking, a sedentary lifestyle, and diets high in highly refined carbohydrates and saturated fats are associated with increased risks of MetS [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between elevated liver enzymes and metabolic syndrome among Thai adults

Perera

Lohsoonthorn

Jiamjarasrangsi

et al. 2008

Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Revi

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Background To examine the relation between elevated liver marker concentrations (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], and alkaline phosphatase [ALP]) and risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods This cross-sectional study was comprised of 1,391 Thai participants (451 men and 940 women) receiving annual health check-ups. Multivariable logistic regression procedures were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of MetS risk according to quartiles of each liver marker concentration with the lowest quartile specified as the referent group. Results Overall, mean concentrations of AST, ALT and ALP increased and mean AST:ALT ratio decreased with increasing presence of metabolic abnormalities (p-value=0.059 for AST in men, all other p-values <0.001). After adjusting for confounders, men with ALT concentrations in the extreme quartiles (>40 units/L), had a 2.77-fold increased risk of MetS (95%CI: 1.18–6.53), as compared with men who had values in the lowest quartile (≤21 units/L). The OR for extreme quartiles of ALP concentrations was 3.72 (95%CI: 1.49–9.29). In women, elevated ALT concentrations were also associated with MetS risk. Those with the highest ALT concentrations (>23 units/L) had a 2.55-fold increased risk of MetS (95%CI: 1.22–5.35) compared to women with concentrations ≤13 units/L. Conclusions These findings add to an emerging body of literature that suggests elevated liver enzymes may be related with MetS risk. However, prospective studies are needed to more fully determine the practical value of elevated liver enzymes as a clinical risk predictor of MetS and related disorders among Thai adults.

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Metabolic syndrome by the international diabetes federation definition in Hong Kong Chinese

Cited by 35 publications

References 26 publications

Perturbed Autonomic Nervous System Function in Metabolic Syndrome

Perturbed Autonomic Nervous System Function in Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease

Association between elevated liver enzymes and metabolic syndrome among Thai adults

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