Metabolic syndrome and cognitive performance in the elderly

Rinaldi, Marianna; Graffi, G.; Gallone, Salvatore; Massa, E. Rabino

doi:10.4081/jbr.2014.2132

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

References 14 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…Cognitive deficit, memory loss, and behavioral impairment underpin most psychiatric disorders. Several etiologies such as age, gender, and race ( Piccinelli and Wilkinson, 2000 ; Gottlieb et al, 2004 ; Hedden and Gabrieli, 2004 ), stress ( Lupien et al, 2009 ), socioeconomic status ( Gilman et al, 2002 ; Lorant et al, 2003 ), metabolic disorders ( Simon et al, 2006 ; Rinaldi et al, 2014 ), gene–environment interactions ( Caspi and Moffitt, 2006 ), and neuroinflammation ( Campbell, 2004 ; Ownby, 2010 ; Tansey and Goldberg, 2010 ) have been implicated for the impairment of brain function. Contrary to this, environmental enrichment (EE), a concept of “modifying the environment of captive animals to enhance their physical and psychological well-being by providing stimuli meeting their species-specific need” ( Baumans, 2005 ), has been shown to slow down neuronal aging ( Gould et al, 2000 ; Kempermann et al, 2002 ) and improve cognition, memory, behavior, and motor coordination in pre-clinical models of dementia, depression, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Huntington’s disease ( Faherty et al, 2005 ; Jankowsky et al, 2005 ; Hannan, 2014 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of immunomodulation in the brain through environmental enrichment

Singhal

Jaehne

Corrigan

et al. 2014

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

153

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Recent studies on environmental enrichment (EE) have shown cytokines, cellular immune components [e.g., T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells], and glial cells in causal relationship to EE in bringing out changes to neurobiology and behavior. The purpose of this review is to evaluate these neuroimmune mechanisms associated with neurobiological and behavioral changes in response to different EE methods. We systematically reviewed common research databases. After applying all inclusion and exclusion criteria, 328 articles remained for this review. Physical exercise (PE), a form of EE, elicits anti-inflammatory and neuromodulatory effects through interaction with several immune pathways including interleukin (IL)-6 secretion from muscle fibers, reduced expression of Toll-like receptors on monocytes and macrophages, reduced secretion of adipokines, modulation of hippocampal T cells, priming of microglia, and upregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 in central nervous system. In contrast, immunomodulatory roles of other enrichment methods are not studied extensively. Nonetheless, studies showing reduction in the expression of IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α in response to enrichment with novel objects and accessories suggest anti-inflammatory effects of novel environment. Likewise, social enrichment, though considered a necessity for healthy behavior, results in immunosuppression in socially defeated animals. This has been attributed to reduction in T lymphocytes, NK cells and IL-10 in subordinate animals. EE through sensory stimuli has been investigated to a lesser extent and the effect on immune factors has not been evaluated yet. Discovery of this multidimensional relationship between immune system, brain functioning, and EE has paved a way toward formulating environ-immuno therapies for treating psychiatric illnesses with minimal use of pharmacotherapy. While the immunomodulatory role of PE has been evaluated extensively, more research is required to investigate neuroimmune changes associated with other enrichment methods.

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