Metabolic Sex Dimorphism of the Brain at the Gene, Cell, and Tissue Level

Lee, Jun Won; Profant, Martin; Wang, Chao

doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2100853

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 131 publications

(124 reference statements)

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“…In our latest study [121], we analyzed publicly available single-nucleus RNA-sequencing datasets of the human cortex, spanning from the second trimester of gestation until geriatric age, and including both healthy individuals and patients suffering from AD and MS. Female-biased genes mainly enriched for brain-related processes, while male-biased genes enriched for metabolic pathways. We also found a female-biased upregulation of mitochondrial genes in neuronal populations in most of the datasets, indicating a potential source of the previously described difference in metabolism [122]. Most SG-biased genes, both in females and males, are consistent in all cell types and developmental stages, suggesting androgens as potential key regulators of SG bias.…”

Section: Spatio-temporal Patterns In Specific Brain Regionssupporting

confidence: 60%

Insights into Sex and Gender Differences in Brain and Psychopathologies Using Big Data

Zelco

Wapeesittipan

Joshi

2023

Life

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The societal implication of sex and gender (SG) differences in brain are profound, as they influence brain development, behavior, and importantly, the presentation, prevalence, and therapeutic response to diseases. Technological advances have enabled speed up identification and characterization of SG differences during development and in psychopathologies. The main aim of this review is to elaborate on new technological advancements, such as genomics, imaging, and emerging biobanks, coupled with bioinformatics analyses of data generated from these technologies have facilitated the identification and characterization of SG differences in the human brain through development and psychopathologies. First, a brief explanation of SG concepts is provided, along with a developmental and evolutionary context. We then describe physiological SG differences in brain activity and function, and in psychopathologies identified through imaging techniques. We further provide an overview of insights into SG differences using genomics, specifically taking advantage of large cohorts and biobanks. We finally emphasize how bioinformatics analyses of big data generated by emerging technologies provides new opportunities to reduce SG disparities in health outcomes, including major challenges.

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Section: Spatio-temporal Patterns In Specific Brain Regionssupporting

confidence: 60%

Insights into Sex and Gender Differences in Brain and Psychopathologies Using Big Data

Zelco

Wapeesittipan

Joshi

2023

Life

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“…In this context, the impact of sex as a biological modifier is relevant. Indeed, sex differences have been found in glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism [ 140 , 141 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Executive Functions and Body Weight: Sex as a Moderating Variable

Ilardi,

Monda,

Iavarone

et al. 2024

Behavioral Sciences

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This study explores the interplay between executive functions and body weight, examining both the influence of biological factors, specifically sex, and methodological issues, such as the choice between Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) as the primary anthropometric measure. A total of 386 participants (222 females, mean age = 45.98 years, SD = 17.70) were enrolled, from whom sociodemographic (sex, age, years of formal education) and anthropometric (BMI and WC) data were collected. Executive functions were evaluated using the Frontal Assessment Battery–15 (FAB15). The results showed the increased effectiveness of WC over BMI in examining the relationships between executive functions, sex differences, and body weight. In particular, this study revealed that there was a significant moderating effect of sex at comparable levels of executive functioning. Specifically, women with higher executive performance had lower WCs than their male counterparts, suggesting that executive function has a greater impact on WC in women than in men. Our findings highlight the importance of conducting more in-depth investigations of the complex relationship between cognitive deficits and weight gain, considering confounding variables of behavioral, psychobiological, and neurophysiological origin.

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“…These differences are linked to, among other things, the well-known sexual dimorphism. Sexual dimorphism is largely genetically determined and influences the bidirectional development of morphological and physiological, as well as psychological traits, in men and women according to sex [ 40 ]. Higher levels of strength in men are a result of, among other things, higher levels of testosterone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Influencing the Executive Functions of Male and Female Cadets

Żurek

Lenart²,

Lachowicz

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Executive functions (EFs) are related to human abilities that allow individuals to achieve planned goals, contribute to creativity and the analysis of new ideas, and allow for adaptation to new situations in daily life. Thorough analyses of the factors affecting EFs can aid in the development of appropriate training programs for various social and professional groups, including the military. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting the EFs of cadets (18 women and 108 men) studying at a military academy in Poland after the first and second terms of military training, and to investigate gender differences in the level of EFs, shooting performance (SP), and components of physical fitness (PF). The Neuropsychological Color Trails Test (CTT-2) was used to determine some of the EFs of the test subjects. Meanwhile, the level of SP was represented by the score achieved during marksmanship training implemented during military training. Assessment of the subjects’ PF was guided by the principles of the Health-Related Fitness assessment concept, i.e., health-related fitness. Differences between men and women in specific variables were calculated using the Mann–Whitney U test for independent samples, whilst the relationship between variables was analyzed using the best subset regression method. The results revealed that cadets’ EFs were influenced by their SP and their level of strength. However, there were no significant differences between male and female cadets in the levels of EFs or SP.

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Metabolic Sex Dimorphism of the Brain at the Gene, Cell, and Tissue Level

Cited by 13 publications

References 131 publications

Insights into Sex and Gender Differences in Brain and Psychopathologies Using Big Data

Insights into Sex and Gender Differences in Brain and Psychopathologies Using Big Data

The Relationship between Executive Functions and Body Weight: Sex as a Moderating Variable

Factors Influencing the Executive Functions of Male and Female Cadets

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