Metabolic Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Correlated Glycemic Control/Complications: A Cross-Sectional Study between Rural and Urban Uygur Residents in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

Abstract

BackgroundDiabetes is a major global public health problem driven by a high prevalence of metabolic risk factors.ObjectiveTo describe the differences of metabolic risk factors of type 2 diabetes, as well as glycemic control and complicated diabetic complications between rural and urban Uygur residents in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China.MethodsThis comparative cross-sectional study, conducted among 2879 urban and 918 rural participants in Xinjiang, China, assessed the metabolic risk factors of diabetes and related complications differences between urban and rural settlements.ResultsCompared to rural areas, urban participants had higher education level and more average income, little physical activity, less triglycerides and higher HDL-c (p < 0.05 respectively). Differences in metabolic risk factors by urban/rural residence included overweight or obesity, triglycerides (≥1.71mmol/l), HDL-c (< 1.04 mmol/l), alcohol intake, and physical inactivity (p < 0.01 respectively). There was significant difference regarding the prevalence of HbA1c >8% (48.1% versus 54.5%, p = 0.019) between rural and urban diabetic participants. No significant difference in the prevalence of type 2 diabetic complications between urban and rural participants (74.9% versus 72.2%; p = 0.263) was detected. Compared to rural participants, the most prevalent modifiable risk factors associated with diabetic complications in urban participants were obesity (BMI ≥ 28 Kg/m2), HDL-c (< 1.04 mmol/l), physical inactivity and irregular eating habits (p = 0.035, p = 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.013, respectively).ConclusionsUrban settlers were significantly more likely to have metabolic risk factors highlighting the need for public health efforts to improve health outcomes for these vulnerable populations. Diabetes related complications risk factors were prevalent amongst rural and urban diabetes settlers.

Hyperuricemia and its association with adiposity and dyslipidemia in Northwest China: results from cardiovascular risk survey in Xinjiang (CRS 2008–2012)

“…In Xinjiang, Uygur, Han and Kazakh Chinese consist of the majority of population and account for 46, 40 and 7%, respectively [47]. We found that Han Chinese suffered more hyperuricemia than Uygur and Kazakh Chinese.…”

ACE2 polymorphisms associated with cardiovascular risk in Uygurs with type 2 diabetes mellitus

“…T2D prevalence also differs among different groups, differentially affecting Han and different non-Han populations [ 4 ], especially in the minority areas (e.g., Xinjiang region). The prevalence of T2D in the Uygur population of Xinjiang is particularly high in both urban and rural environments due to unhealthy lifestyle related factors (such as high BMI, unhealthy diet, and low physical activity) and an aging population [ 4 ], while at the same time diabetes related cardiovascular risk is extremely high [ 21 ]. Thus, early identification and assessing populations at high risk of T2D and T2D related cardiovascular diseases are the key steps in diabetes prevention and control.…”

Acarbose-metformin is more effective in glycemic variability control than repaglinide-metformin in T2DM patients inadequately controlled with metformin: a retrospective cohort study

“…Height, weight and blood pressure were reviewed from the record of each subject. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the formula: weight (kg)/height (m 2 ) ( Du et al, 2016 ). The mean value of the two blood pressure measurements was used for analysis.…”

“…The mean value of the two blood pressure measurements was used for analysis. Hypertension was defined if the systolic pressure (SBP) was equal to or higher than 140 mmHg or /and the diastolic pressure (DBP) was equal to or higher than 90 mmHg or self-reported use of antihypertensive medications irrespective of measured blood pressure ( Du et al, 2016 ).…”