Metabolic Regulation of Dendritic Cell Differentiation

Abstract

Dendritic cells (DCs) are important antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that play essential roles in bridging innate and adaptive immune responses. Differentiation stages of DC subsets from bone marrow progenitor cells have been well-defined during the past decades. Features that distinguish DC progenitor cells from each differentiation stages, related signaling pathways and transcription factors that are crucial for DC lineage commitment have been well-elucidated in numerous studies. Recently, growing evidence are showing that cellular metabolism, as one of the most fundamental process of cells, has essential role in the modulation of immune system. There have been multiple reports and reviews that focus on the metabolic modulations on DC functions, however little attention had been paid to the metabolic regulation of DC development and differentiation. In recent years, increasing evidence suggests that metabolic regulations also exert significant impact on DC differentiation, as well as on the homeostasis of tissue resident DCs. The focus of this review is to summarize the findings from recent studies on the metabolic regulation of DC differentiation and to discuss the impacts of the three major aspects of metabolism on the processes of DC development and differentiation, namely the changes in metabolic pathways, the molecular signaling pathways that modulate cell metabolism, and the effects of metabolites and nutrients. The aim of this review is to draw attentions to this important and exciting research field where the effects of metabolic process and their regulation in DC differentiation need to be further explored.

Metabolite patterns in human myeloid hematopoiesis result from lineage-dependent active metabolic pathways

“…19 Cross-regulation between glycolysis and FAO via NADPH and acetyl-CoA is well known, furthermore, pyruvate is generated via ME1. 58 We therefore assume, that in DC, FAO is mainly negatively regulated by glutaminolysis and not glycolysis ( Figure 5).…”

The Influence of Dietary Fatty Acids on Immune Responses

“…Dendritic cells (DCs) are central players in innate and adaptive immune responses [146]. They can recognize an antigen, process it, and further present and orchestrate T cell responses [146,147] as professional antigen-presenting cells. Several subsets of DCs are described.…”

“…All of these subpopulations vary in functions, secreted cytokines, and downstream effects. DCs shape immune responses by the release of essential cytokines such as IL-12, IL-6, TNF-α, chemokines, and interferons, for example, interferon-alpha (IFN-α) [146][147][148].…”

The Immune Characteristics of the Epididymis and the Immune Pathway of the Epididymitis Caused by Different Pathogens

“…Dendritic cells (DCs) are "professional" antigen-presenting cells that internalize and process allo-and autoantigens (32). The DC maturation state is a key point for balancing tissue tolerance and autoimmunity.…”