Metabolic rates of swimming Humboldt penguins

Luna‐Jorquera, Guillermo; Culik, Boris M.

doi:10.3354/meps203301

Cited by 43 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Pygoscelid penguins swimming horizontally chose to swim at speeds near their minimum COT , whereas spheniscid penguins and cormorants chose to swim at speeds below their minimum COT (Schmid et al, 1995;Luna-Jorquera and Culik, 2000). In LIPE swimming horizontally, COT decreased with increasing speed and seemed to approach a minimum at 1.8·m·s -1 (Bethge et al, 1997); our LIPE swam at 1.8-1.9·m·s -1 .…”

Section: Speed Change With Depth and Its Regulationmentioning

confidence: 69%

Swim speeds and stroke patterns in wing-propelled divers: a comparison among alcids and a penguin

Watanuki

Wanless

Harris

et al. 2006

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY In diving birds, the volume and resulting buoyancy of air spaces changes with dive depth, and hydrodynamic drag varies with swim speed. These factors are important in the dive patterns and locomotion of alcids that use their wings both for aerial flight and underwater swimming and of penguins that use their wings only for swimming. Using small data-loggers on free-ranging birds diving to 20–30 m depth, we measured depth at 1 Hz and surge and heave accelerations at 32–64 Hz of four species of alcids (0.6–1.0 kg mass) and the smallest penguin species (1.2 kg). Low- and high-frequency components of the fluctuation of acceleration yielded estimates of body angles and stroke frequencies, respectively. Swim speed was estimated from body angle and rate of depth change. Brünnich's (Uria lomvia) and common(Uria aalge) guillemots descended almost vertically, whereas descent of razorbills (Alca torda), rhinoceros auklets (Cerorhinca monocerata) and little penguins (Eudyptula minor) was more oblique. For all species, swim speed during descent was within a relatively narrow range. Above depths of 20–30 m, where they were all positively buoyant, all species ascended without wing stroking. During descent, little penguins made forward accelerations on both the upstroke and downstroke regardless of dive depth. By contrast, descending alcids produced forward accelerations on both upstroke and downstroke at depths of <10 m but mainly on the downstroke at greater depths; this change seemed to correspond to the decrease of buoyancy with increasing depth. The magnitude of surge (forward)acceleration during downstrokes was smaller, and that during upstrokes greater, in little penguins than in alcids. This pattern presumably reflected the proportionally greater mass of upstroke muscles in penguins compared with alcids and may allow little penguins to swim at less variable instantaneous speeds.

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Section: Speed Change With Depth and Its Regulationmentioning

confidence: 69%

Swim speeds and stroke patterns in wing-propelled divers: a comparison among alcids and a penguin

Watanuki

Wanless

Harris

et al. 2006

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…We converted ODBA values from Magellanic penguins into power, assuming a linear relationship between ODBA and metabolic power , Fahlman et al 2008, Halsey et al 2008, Green et al 2009), and by using data from Luna-Jorquera & Culik (2000). These latter authors reported the relationship between mass-specific metabolic power and swim speed for congeneric Humboldt penguins Spheniscus humboldti swimming underwater in a still-water swim channel.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pedalling downhill and freewheeling up; a penguin perspective on foraging

Wilson¹,

Shepard²,

Laich³

et al. 2010

Aquat. Biol.

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Depth-dependent buoyancy resulting from the compression of body-associated air is a major force modulating energy expenditure in diving seabirds, yet quantification of its effects in freeliving animals is problematic. Between November 2006 and December 2008, we used multiple channel loggers (daily diaries [DDs]); recording triaxial acceleration, depth and speed, during foraging of 34 Magellanic penguins Spheniscus magellanicus from 3 colonies in Argentina to derive a new proxy for energy expenditure, overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA). Assuming ODBA to be linearly related to power, energy expenditure was highest during dive descent, nearer the surface and in those dives terminating at greater depths due to steeper descent angles. Swim speed during descent was invariant of maximum dive depth. Calculated energy expenditure during the bottom phase of the dive was invariant of depth, but energy expenditure of birds returning to the surface was lowest at any given depth for birds that had engaged in deeper dives due to the effects of buoyancy. Four birds, equipped with beak angle-measuring sensors as part of the DDs, captured 89% of their prey (normally pelagic school fish) during fast passive ascents using buoyancy to aid in capture. Details from one of these birds showed that this passive ascent occurred at a mean velocity of 1.94 m s -1 for a mean of 2.02 s; ascent angles during such rushes were steeper when the bird was deeper, which was presumed to reflect a response to the diminished buoyant force at greater pressures. Passive ascents during prey capture appear to be an important mechanism for Magellanic penguins to capture fastmoving prey with minimal energy expenditure.

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“…This can be determined using data in the literature on oxygen consumption in penguins swimming at known speeds horizontally in swim channels (though typically at depths of <1m) because 1ml of oxygen is the substrate responsible for yielding ~20J of energy (Stahel and Nicol, 1987). Here, the power output of swimming at particular speeds from Eqn6 can be regressed against the known power input derived from oxygen consumption measurements made on the congeneric Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) (Luna-Jorquera and Culik, 2000). The polynomial fit describing this gives:…”

Section: Descent Phasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, oxygen use equates linearly with energy expenditure (Stahel and Nicol, 1987). In addition, there are good quality data on energy expenditure in penguins (Bethge et al, 1997;Culik et al, 1996;Culik et al, 1994;Luna-Jorquera and Culik, 2000) that lend credibility to the modelling exercise.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

N-dimensional animal energetic niches clarify behavioural options in a variable marine environment

Wilson

McMahon

Quintana

et al. 2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYAnimals respond to environmental variation by exhibiting a number of different behaviours and/or rates of activity, which result in corresponding variation in energy expenditure. Successful animals generally maximize efficiency or rate of energy gain through foraging. Quantification of all features that modulate energy expenditure can theoretically be modelled as an animal energetic niche or power envelope; with total power being represented by the vertical axis and n-dimensional horizontal axes representing extents of processes that affect energy expenditure. Such an energetic niche could be used to assess the energetic consequences of animals adopting particular behaviours under various environmental conditions. This value of this approach was tested by constructing a simple mechanistic energetics model based on data collected from recording devices deployed on 41 free-living Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus), foraging from four different colonies in Argentina and consequently catching four different types of prey. Energy expenditure was calculated as a function of total distance swum underwater (horizontal axis 1) and maximum depth reached (horizontal axis 2). The resultant power envelope was invariant, irrespective of colony location, but penguins from the different colonies tended to use different areas of the envelope. The different colony solutions appeared to represent particular behavioural options for exploiting the available prey and demonstrate how penguins respond to environmental circumstance (prey distribution), the energetic consequences that this has for them, and how this affects the balance of energy acquisition through foraging and expenditure strategy.

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Metabolic rates of swimming Humboldt penguins

Cited by 43 publications

References 24 publications

Swim speeds and stroke patterns in wing-propelled divers: a comparison among alcids and a penguin

Swim speeds and stroke patterns in wing-propelled divers: a comparison among alcids and a penguin

Pedalling downhill and freewheeling up; a penguin perspective on foraging

N-dimensional animal energetic niches clarify behavioural options in a variable marine environment

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