Metabolic rate of pre-smolt growth-enhanced transgenic Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Cook, J. T.; McNiven, Mary A.; Sutterlin, A. M.

doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(00)00332-x

Cited by 64 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…There are reports of fish showing modulation of antioxidant activity due to variations in energy metabolism (Wilhelm Filho et al 1993, Martínez-Alvarez et al 2005. Administration or overexpression of GH produced a significant increase in metabolic rate and oxygen consumption in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar; Seddiki et al 1995, Stevens et al 1998, Cook et al 2000, Herbert et al 2001 and tilapia (Oreochromis sp. ; McKenzie et al 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel GH secretagogue, A233, exhibits enhanced growth activity and innate immune system stimulation in teleosts fish

Martı́nez

Ubieta

Herrera

et al. 2012

Journal of Endocrinology

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In teleosts fish, secretion of GH is regulated by several hypothalamic factors that are influenced by the physiological state of the animal. There is an interaction between immune and endocrine systems through hormones and cytokines. GH in fish is involved in many physiological processes that are not overtly growth related, such as saltwater osmoregulation, antifreeze synthesis, and the regulation of sexual maturation and immune functions. This study was conducted to characterize a decapeptide compound A233 (GKFDLSPEHQ) designed by molecular modeling to evaluate its function as a GH secretagogue (GHS). In pituitary cell culture, the peptide A233 induces GH secretion and it is also able to increase superoxide production in tilapia head-kidney leukocyte cultures. This effect is blocked by preincubation with the GHS receptor antagonist [D-Lys 3 ]-GHRP6. Immunoneutralization of GH by addition of anti-tilapia GH monoclonal antibody blocked the stimulatory effect of A233 on superoxide production. These experiments propose a GH-mediated mechanism for the action of A233. The in vivo biological action of the decapeptide was also demonstrated for growth stimulation in goldfish and tilapia larvae (P!0 . 001). Superoxide dismutase levels, antiprotease activity, and lectin titer were enhanced in tilapia larvae treated with this novel molecule. The decapeptide A233 designed by molecular modeling is able to function as a GHS in teleosts and enhance parameters of the innate immune system in the fish larvae.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel GH secretagogue, A233, exhibits enhanced growth activity and innate immune system stimulation in teleosts fish

Martı́nez

Ubieta

Herrera

et al. 2012

Journal of Endocrinology

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“…Cook et al (2000b) found that the metabolic rate of GH transgenic Atlantic salmon was higher than that of controls after 8-wk starvation periods. In contrast to this study, rates of oxygen uptake in transgenic and size-matched control coho salmon were found to be similar after a 4-d starvation (Leggatt et al, 2003).…”

Section: Standard Metabolic Ratementioning

confidence: 91%

“…Fish undergo natural periods of food deprivation throughout a normal life cycle and have consequently evolved the capability to endure prolonged food shortages. An important survival strategy during such times is to reduce energy expenditures by decreasing activity and lowering metabolic rate (Beamish, 1964;Hogendoorn, 1983;Mehner and Wieser, 1994;Land and Bernier, 1995;Cook et al, 2000b;O'Connor et al, 2000). Consequently, transgenic common carp released into a natural ecosystem may adjust to naturally occurring food shortages by reducing energy expenditures by decreasing activity and lowering metabolic rate as control carp do.…”

Section: Effect Of Starvation On Bio-energeticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and coho salmon (O. kisutch), were found to have a greater oxygen uptake rate than control fish during routine feeding conditions (Stevens et al, 1998;Cook et al, 2000a,c;Mckenzie et al, 2003;Leggatt et al, 2003). Additionally, transgenic fish have a greater daily feed intake in comparison to control fish (Fu et al, 1998;Cook et al, 2000b;Rahman et al, 2001;Leggatt et al, 2003). Furthermore, there is contrary evidence as to whether GH transgene modifies the metabolic rate during starvation (Cook et al 2000a;Leggatt et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolism traits of ‘all-fish’ growth hormone transgenic common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Guan

Zhang

et al. 2008

Aquaculture

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“…However, it may be that the enhanced appetite is driven by the increased anabolic effects of GH on protein synthesis and growth of skeletal muscle and other tissues (Fauconneau et al, 1996). A number of studies have demonstrated that both juvenile and adult GH transgenic salmon have higher metabolic rates than non-transgenics (Stevens et al, 1998;Cook et al, 2000;Lee et al, 2003;Deitch et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myogenesis and muscle metabolism in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) made transgenic for growth hormone

Levesque

Shears

Fletcher

et al. 2008

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYAtlantic salmon (Salmo salar) made transgenic for growth hormone (GH) and non-transgenic salmon were sampled at 4 and 7·months of age to estimate myogenic factors, satellite cell proliferation and metabolic enzyme activities. The growth rate of 4·month old transgenic salmon was higher than that of non-transgenic salmon. Myosatellite cell (MC) proliferation rates were higher in cells isolated from GH-transgenic salmon compared with cells from non-transgenic salmon of the same mass. Moreover, MCs extracted from non-transgenic salmon demonstrated a higher proliferation capacity when exposed in vitro to salmon GH. White muscle MyoD·I mRNA content was higher in transgenic and non-transgenic salmon at 7·months compared with that at 4 months, indicating an effect of age on MyoD·I mRNA expression. White muscle myogenin mRNA content varied with fish age and presence of the transgene, and was higher in transgenic fish at 7·months, suggesting a higher differentiation capacity. MyoD·I, MyoD·II and myogenin mRNA content was higher in red muscle of GH-transgenic fish at 7·months compared with non-transgenic salmon at 7·months. However, red muscle myogenic factor expression was not different between transgenic and non-transgenic fish of the same weight. Enzyme activities in white muscle and liver were highly affected by the presence of the transgene, although this effect was generally dependent on the age of the fish. Glycolytic and oxidative enzyme activities were increased in transgenic salmon liver, indicating a higher metabolic rate in transgenics. This study demonstrates that (1) the higher growth rate of transgenic salmon particularly at 4·months of age could be explained at least in part by higher numbers and proliferation rates of MCs, (2) GH can directly stimulate the proliferation of myosatellite cells extracted from salmon, indicating that GH is one possible factor involved in the higher myosatellite cell proliferation rates in transgenic salmon, (3) MyoD and myogenin mRNA expression are affected by fish age, and (4) metabolic enzyme activities are affected by the age of the fish at least in liver and white muscle, and any transgene effect is dependent upon the age of the fish.

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Metabolic rate of pre-smolt growth-enhanced transgenic Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Cited by 64 publications

References 27 publications

A novel GH secretagogue, A233, exhibits enhanced growth activity and innate immune system stimulation in teleosts fish

A novel GH secretagogue, A233, exhibits enhanced growth activity and innate immune system stimulation in teleosts fish

Metabolism traits of ‘all-fish’ growth hormone transgenic common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Myogenesis and muscle metabolism in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) made transgenic for growth hormone

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