Metabolic rate and breathing during sleep

White, David P.; Weil, John V.; Zwillich, Clifford W.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1985.59.2.384

Cited by 147 publications

(90 citation statements)

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“…This variability in timing responses may be related to differences in metabolic rate, which is known to vary widely between individuals [34,35]. At the moderate flow-limited condition, the increases in tI/ttot varied markedly among individuals, ranging from 7% (0.39-0.42) to 48% (0.39-0.57; fig.…”

Section: Timing Responses To Uaomentioning

confidence: 97%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Inspiratory duty cycle responses to flow limitation predict nocturnal hypoventilation

Schneider¹,

Krishnan

Pichard

et al. 2009

European Respiratory Journal

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Upper airway obstruction (UAO) can elicit neuromuscular responses that mitigate and/or compensate for the obstruction. It was hypothesised that flow-limited breathing elicits specific timing responses that can preserve ventilation due to increases in inspiratory duty cycle rather than respiratory rate.By altering nasal pressure during non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep, similar degrees of UAO were induced in healthy males and females (n510 each). Inspiratory duty cycle, respiratory rate and minute ventilation were determined for each degree of UAO during non-REM sleep and compared with the baseline nonflow-limited condition.A dose-dependent increase in the inspiratory duty cycle and respiratory rate was observed in response to increasing severity of UAO. Increases in the inspiratory duty cycle, but not respiratory rate, helped to acutely maintain ventilation. Heterogeneity in these responses was associated with variable degrees of ventilatory compensation, allowing for the segregation of individuals at risk for hypoventilation during periods of inspiratory airflow limitation.Upper airway obstruction constitutes a unique load on the respiratory system. The inspiratory duty cycle, but not the respiratory rate, determine the individual's ability to compensate for inspiratory airflow limitation during sleep, and may represent a quantitative phenotype for obstructive sleep apnoea susceptibility.KEYWORDS: Nocturnal hypoventilation, obstructive sleep apnoea, sex, sleep-disordered breathing, susceptibility, ventilatory control O bstructive sleep apnoea comprises a spectrum of patients with varying degrees of upper airway obstruction (UAO) as manifested by snoring with intermittent arousals (upper airway resistance syndrome and respiratory effort-related arousals), obstructive hypopnoeas and apnoeas [1][2][3]. While male sex and obesity constitute strong risk factors for the varied manifestation of obstructive sleep apnoea [4-6], heritable factors can also play a significant role in the risk of this disorder [7][8][9][10][11][12][13], contributing to the heterogeneity in the expression of this disorder. Nevertheless, physiological mechanisms that explain the heterogeneity of sleep-disordered breathing severity are not known.UAO during sleep plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnoea [14] and is caused by structural defects and disturbances in neuromuscular control [14,15]. UAO can elicit neuromuscular responses that mitigate and/or compensate for the obstruction. Under conditions of UAO (inspiratory airflow limitation), immediate responses in respiratory timing indices can help restore ventilation [16][17][18][19] and blunt disturbances in gas exchange [20]. Nevertheless the impact of respiratory pattern responses on ventilation during periods of UAO remains unclear.The purpose of the current study is to examine ventilatory responses to UAO during sleep in normal males and females. It was hypothesised that flow-limited breathing elicits specific timing responses that can preserve v...

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Section: Timing Responses To Uaomentioning

confidence: 97%

“…7). V9A tracks metabolic rate during sleep [35], which is ,30% lower in females than males due to body composition and stature [34][35][36][37][38][39]. At comparable levels of UAO, females are less likely to hypoventilate than males.…”

Section: Duty Cycle Responses To Flow Limitation H Schneider Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Inspiratory duty cycle responses to flow limitation predict nocturnal hypoventilation

Schneider¹,

Krishnan

Pichard

et al. 2009

European Respiratory Journal

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“…18 Sleep duration may affect circulating levels of the hormones that regulate appetite and caloric intake, with an increase in the orexigenic hormone ghrelin and a reduction in the anorexic hormone leptin, [19][20][21][22] and experimental studies suggest that sleep restriction may increase hunger and caloric consumption. 23,24 On the other hand, sleep appears to conserve energy, [25][26][27] and a night of sleep restriction resulted in increased energy expenditure estimated from actigraphy 23 ; however, others have reported no change in total energy expenditure during sleep restriction. 28 Thus, although epidemiologic studies suggest a correlation between short sleep duration and obesity, and experimental…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Experimental Sleep Restriction on Caloric Intake and Activity Energy Expenditure

Calvin

Carter

Adachi

et al. 2013

Chest

163

132

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Background: Epidemiologic studies link short sleep duration to obesity and weight gain. Insufficient sleep appears to alter circulating levels of the hormones leptin and ghrelin, which may promote appetite, although the effects of sleep restriction on caloric intake and energy expenditure are unclear. We sought to determine the effect of 8 days/8 nights of sleep restriction on caloric intake, activity energy expenditure, and circulating levels of leptin and ghrelin.

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“…Sleeping energy expenditure decreases by around 10% compared to resting 48) [50][51][52][53][54] . In studies using a facemask, ventilation hood, or small sleep-calorimeter 55) , the measurements are conducted under extremely restrictive conditions.…”

Section: Components Of Total Energy Expenditure (Resting Metabolic Ramentioning

confidence: 99%

Human calorimetry: Energy expenditure and substrate utilization easurements using a respiratory chamber

Hibi

Ando

Tanaka³

et al. 2013

JPFSM

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Respiratory chambers are the current gold standard for assessing human energy expenditure and substrate utilization over a long period of time (several hours to several days), based on oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and urinary nitrogen excretion. Analysis of human energy metabolism using a respiratory chamber provides information about the total energy expenditure (TEE), sleeping metabolic rate (SMR), resting metabolic rate, dietinduced thermogenesis (DIT), activity-induced thermogenesis (AIT), and substrate oxidation. In this review, we describe the theoretical underpinnings of the respiratory chamber, as well as the measurement reproducibility and applications as study endpoints for indirect calorimetry. In humans, the coefficients of variation in energy expenditure and substrate utilization were estimated by 24-h repeatability studies. Under the appropriate conditions, the coefficients of variation for TEE were 1% to 5%, SMR was around 1%, DIT was around 40%, AIT was around 10%, and substrate oxidation was around 5%. Factors that impact energy expenditure and substrate oxidation have been reported, and future weight changes can be predicted based on the 24-h respiratory quotient and substrate oxidation. As the 24-h energy expenditure and substrate oxidation are affected by the 24-h energy balance, it is important to consider the subject's energy balance prior to and during calorimetry. Accurate measurements of energy and substrate balance (intake minus utilization) will contribute to a better understanding of the conditions that lead to changes in body weight. Properly obtaining measurements using a respiratory chamber requires a thorough understanding of the measurement principles and calculation methods, as well as an appropriate protocol.

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Metabolic rate and breathing during sleep

Cited by 147 publications

References 0 publications

Inspiratory duty cycle responses to flow limitation predict nocturnal hypoventilation

Inspiratory duty cycle responses to flow limitation predict nocturnal hypoventilation

Effects of Experimental Sleep Restriction on Caloric Intake and Activity Energy Expenditure

Human calorimetry: Energy expenditure and substrate utilization easurements using a respiratory chamber

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