Metabolic Implications of Diet and Energy Intake during Physical Inactivity

Abstract

Purpose.-Physical inactivity is associated with disruptions in glucose metabolism and energy balance, whereas energy restriction may blunt these adverse manifestations. During hypocaloric feeding, higher-protein intake maintains lean mass which is an important component of metabolic health. This study determined whether mild energy restriction preserves glycemic control during physical inactivity and whether this preservation is more effectively achieved with a higher-protein diet.Methods.-Ten adults (24±1 year) consumed a control (64% carbohydrate, 20% fat, 16% protein) and higher-protein diet (50% carbohydrate, 20% fat, 30% protein) during two ten-day inactivity periods (>10,000→~5,000 steps/day) in a randomized cross-over design. Energy intake was decreased by ~400 kcal/d to account for reduced energy expenditure associated with inactivity. A subset of subjects (n=5) completed ten days of inactivity while consuming 35% excess of their basal energy requirements, which served as a positive control condition (overfeeding+inactivity).Results.-Daily steps were decreased from 12,154±308 to 4,275±269 steps/day (P<0.05) which was accompanied by reduced VO 2 max (−1.8±0.7 ml/kg/min, P<0.05), independent of diet conditions. No disruptions in fasting or postprandial glucose, insulin, and nonesterified fatty acids in response to 75-g of oral glucose were observed following inactivity for both diet conditions (P>0.05). Overfeeding+inactivity increased body weight, body fat, HOMA-IR, and 2-hour postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations (P<0.05), despite no changes in lipid concentrations.

Metabolic Impacts of Confinement during the COVID-19 Pandemic Due to Modified Diet and Physical Activity Habits

“…More research is needed to examine whether energy restriction could avoid the consequences of acute physical inactivity as suggested in one of the articles reviewed [23]. Nevertheless, there is evidence to support that at lower levels of physical activity, energy intake is dysregulated leading to a positive energy balance [35][36][37][38].…”

“…While higher CRF is associated with better health, lower CRF is associated with increased mortality independently of other risk factors [2]. Several studies [20,[22][23][24] have determined the effects of an acute period of inactivity on VO 2max . Results indicated that following two weeks of physical inactivity VO 2max was reduced when participants maintained their normal diet [20,24], when calorie intake was restricted [23] or when intake was increased by 50% kcal [22].…”

“…Several studies [20,[22][23][24] have determined the effects of an acute period of inactivity on VO 2max . Results indicated that following two weeks of physical inactivity VO 2max was reduced when participants maintained their normal diet [20,24], when calorie intake was restricted [23] or when intake was increased by 50% kcal [22]. In two of these studies, nevertheless, it was found that VO 2max returned to baseline after normal physical activity was resumed [22,24].…”

“…Interestingly, one study explored whether metabolic dysfunction caused by inactivity might be blunted by energy restriction [23]. Ten physically active men and women (24 (1) years) reduced their daily steps from 10,000 to 5000 for 10 days.…”

Differential microRNAs expression profiles in liver from three different lifestyle modification mice models

“…Overweight and obesity have been recognized as risk factors for many chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and the metabolic syndrome [1]. The main driver for weight gain is considered to be the medium or long term positive energy balance, usually through consumption of a high-fat diet (HF) [2,3].…”