Metabolic endotoxemia promotes adipose dysfunction and inflammation in human obesity

Clemente‐Postigo, Mercedes; Oliva-Olivera, Wilfredo; Coín‐Aragüez, Leticia; Ramos‐Molina, Bruno; Giráldez-Pérez, Rosa M.; Lhamyani, Said; Alcaide-Torres, Juan; Pérez-Martínez, Pablo; Bekay, Rajaa El; Cardona, Fernando; Tinahones, Francisco J.

doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00277.2018

Cited by 68 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…In fact, excessive calorie intake increases fat accumulation and the lipotoxicity activates the production of cytokines and the cells involved in innate immunity. This production promotes a chronic, low-grade inflammatory status, induces recruitment, and activation of mature immune cells and other cells, such as macrophages and adipocytes, respectively, which modify the tissue and reinforce the inflammatory response [12,48].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pistachio Consumption Alleviates Inflammation and Improves Gut Microbiota Composition in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

Terzo

Mulè

Caldara

et al. 2020

IJMS

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High-fat diet (HFD) induces inflammation and microbial dysbiosis, which are components of the metabolic syndrome. Nutritional strategies can be a valid tool to prevent metabolic and inflammatory diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate if the chronic intake of pistachio prevents obesity-associated inflammation and dysbiosis in HFD-fed mice. Three groups of male mice (four weeks old; n = 8 per group) were fed for 16 weeks with a standard diet (STD), HFD, or HFD supplemented with pistachios (HFD-P; 180 g/kg of HFD). Serum, hepatic and adipose tissue inflammation markers were analyzed in HFD-P animals and compared to HFD and STD groups. Measures of inflammation, obesity, and intestinal integrity were assessed. Fecal samples were collected for gut microbiota analysis. Serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels were significantly reduced in HFD-P compared to HFD. Number and area of adipocytes, crown-like structure density, IL-1β, TNF-α, F4-80, and CCL-2 mRNA expression levels were significantly reduced in HFD-P subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues, compared to HFD. A significant reduction in the number of inflammatory foci and IL-1β and CCL-2 gene expression was observed in the liver of HFD-P mice compared with HFD. Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was reduced in HFD-P mice in comparison to the HFD group. A pistachio diet significantly increased abundance of healthy bacteria genera such as Parabacteroides, Dorea, Allobaculum, Turicibacter, Lactobacillus, and Anaeroplasma, and greatly reduced bacteria associated with inflammation, such as Oscillospira, Desulfovibrio, Coprobacillus, and Bilophila. The intestinal conductance was lower in HFD-P mice than in the HFD mice, suggesting an improvement in the gut barrier function. The results of the present study showed that regular pistachio consumption improved inflammation in obese mice. The positive effects could be related to positive modulation of the microbiota composition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The intestinal barrier dysfunction causes an increased circulation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) derived from gram-negative bacteria [10,11]. In turns, LPS spread participates in metabolic endotoxemia development, adipose tissue dysfunction, and systemic inflammation, triggering obesity-related complications [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pistachio Consumption Alleviates Inflammation and Improves Gut Microbiota Composition in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

Terzo

Mulè

Caldara

et al. 2020

IJMS

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“…For one, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from the cell wall of pathogenic Gram-negative microbes can bind toll-like receptors (TLRs) in mucosal and peripheral tissues, initiating pro-inflammatory signaling cascades [56,57]. Data from both human and rodent studies has linked an obese phenotype to elevated circulating levels of plasma LPS, a condition known as metabolic endotoxemia [58][59][60]. For example, in a comparative study of human subjects, baseline circulating endotoxin levels were found to be 20% higher in obesity or glucose intolerant individuals and 125% higher in type 2 diabetics compared to lean subjects [61].…”

Section: Regulation Of Immune Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Medicine: Prebiotic and Probiotic Functional Foods to Target Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome

Green

Arora

Prakash

2020

IJMS

178

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Obesity has become a global epidemic and a public health crisis in the Western World, experiencing a threefold increase in prevalence since 1975. High-caloric diets and sedentary lifestyles have been identified as significant contributors to this widespread issue, although the role of genetic, social, and environmental factors in obesity’s pathogenesis remain incompletely understood. In recent years, much attention has been drawn to the contribution of the gut microbiota in the development of obesity. Indeed, research has shown that in contrast to their healthier counterparts the microbiomes of obese individuals are structurally and functionally distinct, strongly suggesting microbiome as a potential target for obesity therapeutics. In particular, pre and probiotics have emerged as effective and integrative means of modulating the microbiome, in order to reverse the microbial dysbiosis associated with an obese phenotype. The following review brings forth animal and human research supporting the myriad of mechanisms by which the microbiome affects obesity, as well as the strengths and limitations of probiotic or prebiotic supplementation for the prevention and treatment of obesity. Finally, we set forth a roadmap for the comprehensive development of functional food solutions in combatting obesity, to capitalize on the potential of pre/probiotic therapies in optimizing host health.

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“…When there are disturbances in the barrier function and mucosal immune homeostasis, the influx of intestine luminal content triggers an exaggerated mucosal immune response [1]. Ultimately, chronic exposition to these detrimental environmental stimuli may lead to the development of local and systemic inflammatory conditions [2,3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health-Promoting Properties of Proanthocyanidins for Intestinal Dysfunction

et al. 2020

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The intestinal barrier is constantly exposed to potentially harmful environmental factors, including food components and bacterial endotoxins. When intestinal barrier function and immune homeostasis are compromised (intestinal dysfunction), inflammatory conditions may develop and impact overall health. Evidence from experimental animal and cell culture studies suggests that exposure of intestinal mucosa to proanthocyanidin (PAC)-rich plant products, such as grape seeds, may contribute to maintaining the barrier function and to ameliorating the pathological inflammation present in diet-induced obesity and inflammatory bowel disease. In this review, we aim to update the current knowledge on the bioactivity of PACs in experimental models of intestinal dysfunction and in humans, and to provide insights into the underlying biochemical and molecular mechanisms.

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Metabolic endotoxemia promotes adipose dysfunction and inflammation in human obesity

Cited by 68 publications

References 50 publications

Pistachio Consumption Alleviates Inflammation and Improves Gut Microbiota Composition in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

Pistachio Consumption Alleviates Inflammation and Improves Gut Microbiota Composition in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

Microbial Medicine: Prebiotic and Probiotic Functional Foods to Target Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome

Health-Promoting Properties of Proanthocyanidins for Intestinal Dysfunction

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