“…For the experiments, O -desmethyltramadol HCl (M1), glucose 6-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, MgCl 2 , β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), chlorpropamide, Trizma ® base, Trizma ® hydrochloride, DMSO and formic acid were obtained from Sigma‒Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). To evaluate the intrinsic clearance of M1 by CYPs, metabolic stability studies under NADPH system were conducted in human liver microsoms (HLM) [25,26]. For details, NADPH-generating system (1.3 mM NADP + , 3.3 mM glucose 6-phosphate, 3.3 mM MgCl 2 , and 0.4 unit/mL glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) and HLM 0.25 mg/mL were added and preincubated at 37 °C for 5 min.…”