Metabolic Disposition of 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene

Won, William D.; Heckly, Robert J.; Glover, Donald J.; Hoffsommer, John C.

doi:10.1128/am.27.3.513-516.1974

Cited by 54 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Osmon and Klausmeier (2) reported that TNT degradation occurred only in the presence of supplemental organic material and concluded that TNT degradation was co-metabolic. Similarly, TNT degradation by Pseudomonas-Mke organisms was enhanced in the presence of glucose or yeast extract (15). In contrast, others have reported microbial growth using TNT as the sole carbon source (16).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Microbial degradation of nitroaromatic compounds has been observed under aerobic and anaerobic conditions (2, 6, 7, 11, [13][14][15][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. Aerobic degradation of 2,4dinitrotoluene, 2-nitrotoluene, 3-nitrotoluene, and 4-nitrotoluene via oxidative pathways has been described for environmental isolates of Pseudomonas sp.…”

Section: The Maximum Mineralization In Microcosmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aerobic degradation of 2,4dinitrotoluene, 2-nitrotoluene, 3-nitrotoluene, and 4-nitrotoluene via oxidative pathways has been described for environmental isolates of Pseudomonas sp. (27,29,30), but most investigators have reported degradation of TNT and DNT via reductive pathways under aerobic as well as anaerobic conditions (2,6,7,11,(13)(14)(15)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)28). Under both conditions, the para nitro group of TNT is typically reduced through nitroso and hydroxlamino intermediates to form aminodinitrotoluenes (6,11,15,17,18,20,21,25,26).…”

Section: The Maximum Mineralization In Microcosmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(27,29,30), but most investigators have reported degradation of TNT and DNT via reductive pathways under aerobic as well as anaerobic conditions (2,6,7,11,(13)(14)(15)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)28). Under both conditions, the para nitro group of TNT is typically reduced through nitroso and hydroxlamino intermediates to form aminodinitrotoluenes (6,11,15,17,18,20,21,25,26). Under aerobic conditions, accumulation of unstable hydroxylamino intermediates can lead to the formation of azoxy dimers that are resistant to further degradation (6,11,17,18,25,26).…”

Section: The Maximum Mineralization In Microcosmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors Affecting Microbial 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Mineralization in Contaminated Soil

Bradley¹,

Chapelle²

1995

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: The Maximum Mineralization In Microcosmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Maximum Mineralization In Microcosmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Maximum Mineralization In Microcosmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Factors Affecting Microbial 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Mineralization in Contaminated Soil

Bradley¹,

Chapelle²

1995

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…The reductive transforma-tion of TNT to aromatic amines has been the strategy of most remediation schemes. Although TNT has been shown to be toxic (15) and is a suspected mutagen (16), the resulting (nitro)aromatic amine transformation products can be highly reactive and may constitute an even greater environmental concern than TNT itself (17). Therefore, the ultimate environmental fate of TNT, in both natural and engineered systems, depends not only on the behavior of TNT, but also on the fate of the reduced aromatic amines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sediment-Mediated Reduction of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene and Fate of the Resulting Aromatic (Poly)amines

Elovitz

Weber

1999

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene is a major surface and subsurface contaminant found at numerous munitions production and storage facilities. The reductive transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) to aromatic (poly)amines and the consequent fate of these products were studied in anaerobic and aerobic sediment−water systems. Reduction of TNT was rapid under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Nitro-reduction was regioselective, leading to the preferential formation of 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) and 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene (2,4-DANT). Subsequent sorption of 2,4-DANT was rapid under aerobic conditions and resulted in nearly complete, irreversible retention by the sediment phase. Under anaerobic conditions, the rapidly formed 2,4-DANT displayed little affinity for the sediment phase. Instead, 2,4-DANT was further transformed to products that remained in the aqueous phase. Sorption studies in nontransforming sediments indicated increased irreversible sorption with replacement of nitro groups with amino groups. Covalent binding of the DANTs was partially inhibited under anoxic conditions, but sorption of TNT and the ADNTs was unaffected by changes in redox conditions.

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Bioremediation of TNT‐contaminated soil: A laboratory study

Widrig

Boopathy

Manning

1997

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-This research presented a bench-scale investigation of an innovative approach to land farming for the bioremediation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT)-contaminated soils. Molasses, which contains sugar, nitrogen, vitamins, and minerals, was used as cosubstrate and this process combines several advantages of conventional land farming with the use of molasses for the biological degradation of TNT and its derivatives. In the optimum treatment, contaminated soil was amended with shredded grass and managed in an operating cycle where it was alternatively flooded with a dilute molasses solution, then drained, passively aerated, and finally tilled when moisture conditions were optimum. Soil TNT concentrations in all treatments receiving molasses were reduced from approximately 4,000-mg/kg levels initially to less than 100 mg/kg in 12 months, and to less than 1 mg/kg in the optimum treatment in this same time. Concentrations of the primary metabolic intermediates and bacterial populations were also tracked. Radiolabeling studies confirmed that the biomass enhanced by the treatments could mineralize approximately 20% of [ 14 C] from a contaminant spike after 22 d. A shredded grass amendment in the optimum treatment was shown to increase moisture retention during aeration phases. The results of this bench-scale study are promising with regard to transferring the process to full-scale applications.

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Metabolic Disposition of 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene

Cited by 54 publications

References 1 publication

Factors Affecting Microbial 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Mineralization in Contaminated Soil

Factors Affecting Microbial 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Mineralization in Contaminated Soil

Sediment-Mediated Reduction of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene and Fate of the Resulting Aromatic (Poly)amines

Bioremediation of TNT‐contaminated soil: A laboratory study

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