Metabolic disorders in muscle of farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

Farmed and Wild Fish

“…In fact, numerous signi fi cant differences are observed between farmed and wild-captured Atlantic cod, including size and shape of the head, hepatosomatic index, skin pigmentation and fl esh discoloration, also accompanied by mineral-induced melanin deposition in blood vessels located between muscle segments (Cooper and Midling 2007 ) . Muscle structure and storage characteristics of farmed cod differ from those observed in wild individuals (Olsson et al 2007 ). In addition, post-mortem degradation has been shown to be faster in farmed than in wild cod muscle (Ofstad et al 1996 ) .…”

“…In order to investigate the physiological mechanisms originating the phenotypic differences observed between farmed and wild cod, Olsson et al ( 2007 ) performed a study using proteome analysis and electron microscopy, revealing that several metabolic disorders are present in muscle tissues of farmed Atlantic cod. Twenty farmed (2,663+/− 462 g) and nineteen wild cod (4750 +/− 870 g) were examined in this study.…”

“…In fact, con fi nement, size, diet (Kiessling et al 1991 ) , crowding (Gornati et al 2004a, b ) , amount and intensity of physical activity (Johnston and Moon 1980 ;Totland et al 1987 ) , and water quality and temperature (Johnston et al 1998 ) can all have signi fi cant effects on protein expression levels, also depending on the farming technique used, on the quality of feeds, and on dimensions and exposition to marine currents within rearing spaces. Several economically relevant farmed species have been subjected to proteomic studies of muscle tissues aimed at assessing the variations induced by farming, including Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) (Martinez et al 2007 ;Olsson et al 2007 ), Mediterranean sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) (Monti et al 2005 ) , and Gilthead sea bream ( Sparus aurata ) (Addis et al 2010a ). Figure 11.1 illustrates a representative 2D-PAGE map of farmed sea bream muscle tissue.…”