Metabolic cost of acute phase response in the frugivorous bat, Artibeus lituratus

Guerrero-Chacón, Adriana L.; Rivera-Ruiz, David A.; Rojas‐Díaz, Vladimir; Triana-Llanos, Camila; Niño-Castro, Andrea

doi:10.1007/s13364-018-0375-z

Cited by 14 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Lack of a febrile response in our study is in line with findings reported for insectivorous bats injected with LPS during the active phase (Stockmaier et al, 2015), and diverged from what is reported for bats challenged during the resting phase (Cabrera‐Martínez et al, 2019; Guerrero‐Chacón et al, 2018; Otálora‐Ardila et al, 2016, 2017). Similar to birds, it thus appears that body temperature changes after bats are injected LPS, following a circadian pattern where fever develops only when the injection is administered at the beginning of the resting phase.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Varying patterns in cellular response to LPS have also been found with other bat species. WBC counts increase 8 hr after intraperitoneal injection during the resting phase in Chaerephon plicatus (Molossidae; Weise et al, 2017) and 24 hr after subcutaneous injection in Desmodus rotundus (Phyllostomidae) injected during the active phase (Stockmaier et al, 2018), but no change was found in Molossus molossus (Molossidae; Stockmaier et al, 2015) and Artibeus lituratus (Phyllostomidae; Guerrero‐Chacón et al, 2018) 24 hr after subcutaneous injection in the active or the resting phase, respectively. The response of WBCs to LPS has been measured only in two bat families and further studies with members of other families will allow testing phylogenetic hypotheses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, the physiological and behavioral processes resulting from APR activation have been tested in several species of bats exposed to LPS. These studies examined changes in metabolic rate (Cabrera‐Martínez, Herrera, & Cruz‐Neto, 2018, 2019; Guerrero‐Chacón, Rivera‐Ruíz, Rojas‐Díaz, Triana‐Llanos, & Niño‐Castro, 2018; Otálora‐Ardila, Herrera, Flores‐Martínez, & Welch, 2016, 2017), body temperature (Cabrera‐Martínez et al, 2019; Otálora‐Ardila et al, 2016, 2017; Stockmaier, Dechmann, Page, & O'Mara, 2015), circulating immune cells (Cabrera‐Martínez et al, 2019; Guerrero‐Chacón et al, 2018; Schneeberger, Czirják, & Voigt, 2013; Stockmaier, Bolnick, Page, & Carter, 2018; Stockmaier et al, 2015; Weise, Czirják, Lindecke, Bumrungsri, & Voigt, 2017), antioxidant and reactive oxygen metabolites (Schneeberger, Czirjak, & Voigt, 2013), and social interactions (Stockmaier et al, 2018). Although most of these studies report body mass loss in bats after APR activation and assume that it is partly due to anorexia, no study has ever examined the effect of LPS on food intake rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bats developed fever when LPS was injected during the resting phase (daytime; Cabrera‐Martínez et al, 2019; Guerrero‐Chacón et al, 2018; Otálora‐Ardila et al, 2016, 2017) but not when it was injected during the active phase (nighttime; Stockmaier et al, 2015). Similarly debatable is the existence of leukocytosis after APR activation in bats, with some studies reporting this response after LPS administration during the resting (Schneeberger et al, 2013; Weise et al, 2017) or active phases (Stockmaier et al, 2018), while others showed no evidence of leukocytosis during either phase (Cabrera‐Martínez et al, 2019; Guerrero‐Chacón et al, 2018; Stockmaier et al, 2015). Lymphocytes (L) and neutrophils (N) are the most abundant type of WBCs in mammals, including bats (Paksuz, Paksuz, & Özkan, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bats respond to simulated bacterial infection during the active phase by reducing food intake

Melhado

Cruz‐Neto

2020

J Exp Zool Pt A

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Sickness triggers a series of behavioral and physiological processes collectively known as acute phase response (APR). Bats are known as reservoirs of a broad variety of pathogens and the physiological changes resulting from APR activation have been tested predominantly during the resting phase (daytime) in several species exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In contrast, behavioral consequences of sickness for bats and other wild mammals have received less attention. We examined the physiological and behavioral consequences of APR activation in a fruit‐eating bat (Carollia perspicillata) challenged with LPS during the active phase (nighttime). We measured changes in food intake, body mass, body temperature, total white blood cell counts, and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (N/L). No fever and leukocytosis were observed in bats injected with LPS, but food intake decreased, bats lost body mass and their N/L ratio increased. The effect of LPS on daily energy balance is remarkable and, along with the increase in N/L ratio, it is assumed to be beneficial to fight disease. On the basis of our findings and those with other bats, it is probable that the physiological and behavioral components of the immune response to LPS follow circadian rhythms, but a formal test of this hypothesis is warranted.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bats respond to simulated bacterial infection during the active phase by reducing food intake

Melhado

Cruz‐Neto

2020

J Exp Zool Pt A

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“…Immune responses have been measured in a few bat species using lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial endotoxin that induces an inflammatory response by stimulating the release of cytokines 23,24 . Fever has been documented in response to an LPS challenge in three out of four species examined (Myotis vivesi 25 , Carollia perspicillata 26 , Artibeus lituratus 27 , but not in Molossus molossus 28 ). Some species exhibit clear leukocytosis (Carollia perspicillata 29 and Desmondus rotundus 30 ), while others shift the ratio of white blood cell types without a clear overall increase (Artibeus literatus 27 ) and others do not increase white blood cell production at all (Molossus molossus 28 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sick Bats Stay Home Alone: Social distancing during the acute phase response in Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus)

Moreno

Weinberg

Harten

et al. 2020

Preprint

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AbstractAlong with its many advantages, social roosting imposes a major risk of pathogen transmission. How social animals, and especially free-ranging mammals, reduce this risk is poorly documented. We used lipopolysaccharide injection to imitate bacterial sickness in both a captive and a free-ranging colony of an extremely social mammal – the Egyptian fruit bat. We monitored behavioral and physiological responses using an arsenal of methods, including on-board GPS and acceleration, video, temperature and weight measurements, and blood samples. Sick-like bats exhibited an increased immune response, as well as classical illness symptoms including fever, weight loss, anorexia, and lethargy. Notably, they also isolated themselves from the group by leaving the social cluster and avoiding contact. Free-ranging individuals ceased foraging outdoors for at least two nights. Together, these sickness behaviors demonstrate a strong, integrative immune response which protects both individuals and their group members from transmission of pathogens.

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Varying intensity of simulated infection partially affects the magnitude of the acute‐phase immune response in the subterranean rodent Ctenomys talarum

et al. 2022

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The acute phase response (APR), coordinated by a complex network of components of the immune and neuroendocrine systems, plays a key role in early immune defense. This response can be elicited by a wide variety of pathogens at different intensities (frequencies and doses), hence experimental immune challenges with antigen gradients makes it possible to evaluate sickness progression with a better representation of what occurs in natural systems. However, how infection intensity could shape the APR magnitude in wild species is still poorly understood. Here, the immune response was activated in the subterranean rodent Ctenomys talarum with a gradient of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) doses (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mg/kg of body mass). Changes in body temperature, body mass, and energetic costs were evaluated over time. We also assessed cortisol levels, white blood cells counts and neutrophil: lymphocyte ratios, before and after injection. Results indicated that during the APR, C. talarum shows a hyperthermic response, which is maintained for 6 h, with slight differences among antigen doses in the pattern of thermal response and body mass change. A maximum increase in body temperature of 0.83°C to 1.63°C was observed during the first hour, associated with a metabolic cost that ranged from 1.25 to 1.41 ml O2/gh. Although no clear effects of treatment were detected on leukocyte abundance, we found increments in neutrophil: lymphocyte ratios and gradual increases in cortisol levels corresponding to the intensity of simulated infection, which may indicate redistribution of immune cells and enhancement of immune function. An evident sickness syndrome was observed even at the lowest LPS dose that was characterized by an increase in body temperature, energy expenditure, and N: L ratio, as well as a dose‐dependent increase in cortisol levels. Although in nature, other constraints and challenges could affect the magnitude and costs of immune responses, C. talarum mounts an effective APR with a low increase in their daily energy expenditure, regardless of LPS dose.

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Metabolic cost of acute phase response in the frugivorous bat, Artibeus lituratus

Cited by 14 publications

References 49 publications

Bats respond to simulated bacterial infection during the active phase by reducing food intake

Bats respond to simulated bacterial infection during the active phase by reducing food intake

Sick Bats Stay Home Alone: Social distancing during the acute phase response in Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus)

Varying intensity of simulated infection partially affects the magnitude of the acute‐phase immune response in the subterranean rodent Ctenomys talarum

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