Metabolic correlates of burst swimming capacity of juvenile and adult threespine stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus )

Garenc, Christophe; Couture, Patrice; Laflamme, Maxime; Guderley, Helga

doi:10.1007/s003600050201

Cited by 64 publications

(46 citation statements)

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“…It may be that scaling of oxygen consumption is caused by oxygen transport constraints rather than by mass-specific changes in oxygen demand (Goolish, 1991;Bejan, 1997). The lack of constant scaling of metabolic enzyme activity is not uncommon among ectotherms (Baldwin et al, 1995;Norton et al, 2000), as scaling of enzyme activity may be a function of several biotic factors such as developmental stage (Garenc et al, 1999) and size-specific demands for locomotory performance (Somero and Childress, 1980). Hence, more detailed experimental studies are needed to determine the nature of the scaling relationship, or lack thereof, of metabolic enzyme activity in alligators, particularly considering the relatively narrow body mass range of our study animals in winter.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal acclimatisation of muscle metabolic enzymes in a reptile(Alligator mississippiensis)

Seebacher

Guderley

Elsey

et al. 2003

Journal of Experimental Biology

123

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The concept that reptiles regulate their body temperature by behavioural means, such as shuttling between sun and shade (Cowles and Bogert, 1944;Hertz et al., 1993), has become widely accepted in vertebrate thermal physiology. Behavioural adjustments enable many diurnal species of reptile to maintain high and stable body temperatures in the face of fluctuations in environmental temperatures (Avery, 1982;Seebacher et al., 1999). The importance of body temperature regulation is seen to lie in maximising the rates of temperature-sensitive physiological functions (Huey, 1982). The rates of chemical reactions, including those catalysed by enzymes, are dependent on the energetic state of the compounds involved, which in turn is strongly influenced by temperature. The rates of most physiological processes are, therefore, a direct function of the temperature of the organism. Thermoregulation that includes high metabolic heat production combined with effective insulation often allows endotherms to maintain an elevated body temperature within a narrow range (Lovegrove et al., 1991). The low metabolic rates of reptiles make metabolic heat production negligible, and regulation of body temperature is achieved by behavioural means such as microhabitat selection (Cowles Reptiles living in heterogeneous thermal environments are often thought to show behavioural thermoregulation or to become inactive when environmental conditions prevent the achievement of preferred body temperatures. By contrast, thermally homogeneous environments preclude behavioural thermoregulation, and ectotherms inhabiting these environments (particularly fish in which branchial respiration requires body temperature to follow water temperature) modify their biochemical capacities in response to long-term seasonal temperature fluctuations. Reptiles may also be active at seasonally varying body temperatures and could, therefore, gain selective advantages from regulating biochemical capacities. Hence, we tested the hypothesis that a reptile (the American alligator Alligator mississippiensis) that experiences pronounced seasonal fluctuations in body temperature will show seasonal acclimatisation in the activity of its metabolic enzymes. We measured body temperatures of alligators in the wild in winter and summer (N=7 alligators in each season), and we collected muscle samples from wild alligators (N=31 in each season) for analysis of metabolic enzyme activity (lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase). There were significant differences in mean daily body temperatures between winter (15.66±0.43°C; mean ± S.E.M.) and summer (29.34±0.21°C), and daily body temperatures fluctuated significantly more in winter compared with summer. Alligators compensated for lower winter temperatures by increasing enzyme activities, and the activities of cytochrome c oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly greater in winter compared with summer at all assay temperatures. The activity of citrate synthase was significantly greater in the winter s...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal acclimatisation of muscle metabolic enzymes in a reptile(Alligator mississippiensis)

Seebacher

Guderley

Elsey

et al. 2003

Journal of Experimental Biology

123

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“…Kolok, 1992;Kolok and Farrell, 1994;Garenc et al, 1999;Gibb and Dickson, 2002;Odell et al, 2003;Claireaux et al, 2005). For example, intraindividual variation in V O2,max in Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) was not significantly correlated with any of the six measured candidate traits (swimming muscle, heart and gill size and muscle CS, LDH and myofibrillar ATPase activities) after corrections for multiple comparisons (Odell et al, 2003).…”

Section: Traits Contributing To the Capacity For Whole-animal Performmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Studies of burst swimming performance in fishes have also found that the predictors of swimming performance can vary within a population over time. For example, Garenc et al (Garenc et al, 1999) found that axial muscle COX and PK activities were significant predictors of burst swimming capacity in adult threespine sticklebacks, but not in juvenile fish, suggesting that changes associated with reproduction in adults may result in muscle enzyme levels limiting performance. Many studies of intra-individual differences in endurance exercise capacity and V O2,max in other vertebrate species have successfully linked underlying traits with performance (e.g.…”

Section: Traits Contributing To the Capacity For Whole-animal Performmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlates of prolonged swimming performance in F2 hybrids of migratory and non-migratory threespine stickleback ecotypes

Dalziel

Schulte

2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYDetermining which underlying traits contribute to differences in whole-animal performance can be difficult when many traits differ between individuals with high and low capacities. We have previously found that migratory (anadromous marine) and nonmigratory (stream-resident) threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) populations have genetically based differences in prolonged swimming performance (U crit ) that are associated with divergence of a number of candidate morphological and physiological traits (pectoral fin size and shape, body shape, pectoral muscle and heart size, and pectoral muscle metabolic enzyme activities). Here, we use F2 hybrid crosses to determine which traits are correlated with U crit when expressed in a largely randomized genetic background and a range of trait values for other divergent traits. We found that four of our 12 candidate traits were positively correlated with U crit in F2 hybrids and that the combined effects of ventricle mass, pectoral adductor mass and adductor citrate synthase activity accounted for 17.9% of the variation in U crit . These data provide additional support for a causal role of muscle and heart size in mediating intraspecific differences in U crit , but indicate that many candidate morphological and biochemical traits do not have a strong effect on U crit when disassociated from other divergent traits. However, the limited variation in U crit in our F2 hybrid families may have decreased our ability to detect correlations among these candidate traits and U crit . These data suggest that many traits, interactions among traits and traits not measured in this study affect prolonged swimming performance in threespine stickleback. Supplementary material available online at

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“…For example, the display corresponding to the frontal view of two eyes increased the attack latency, on average, for 0.95 s compared with the attack latency induced by the control. Considering the burst swimming speed of 131 cm/s of threespine sticklebacks (Garenc et al 1999), this would correspond to an additional head start of 125 cm for the escaping prey of a stickleback. Generally, in fish, ambush or lunging predators rarely pursue their prey far beyond its location at the start of its flight, particularly if the prey has gained a head start.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resemblance to the Enemy’s Eyes Underlies the Intimidating Effect of Eyespots

Kjernsmo

Merilaita

2017

The American Naturalist

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General rightsThis document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/pure/about/ebr-terms Online enhancement: appendix.abstract: Eyespots of some prey are known to deter predators, but the reason for this response has not yet been established, and thus the taxonomically widespread occurrence of this color pattern has remained an evolutionary conundrum. Two alternative hypotheses propose that (1) the eyelike appearance of the pattern falsely indicates the presence of the predator's own enemy or (2) predators are hardwired to be cautious toward conspicuous prey. Earlier research has pertained mainly to eyespots in butterflies. Here we tested the hypothesis that eyespots resemble eyes by utilizing the lateral position of eyes in fishes. This allowed us to produce eyelike displays that did not have the round appearance of eyespots. Our study indicates that eye mimicry is an important factor evoking hesitation in predators. Moreover, we present direct evidence that this is because predators associate eyelike displays with the threat posed by their own enemies.

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Metabolic correlates of burst swimming capacity of juvenile and adult threespine stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus )

Cited by 64 publications

References 0 publications

Seasonal acclimatisation of muscle metabolic enzymes in a reptile(Alligator mississippiensis)

Seasonal acclimatisation of muscle metabolic enzymes in a reptile(Alligator mississippiensis)

Correlates of prolonged swimming performance in F2 hybrids of migratory and non-migratory threespine stickleback ecotypes

Resemblance to the Enemy’s Eyes Underlies the Intimidating Effect of Eyespots

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