Metabolic Changes and Net Portal Flux in Dairy Cows Fed a Ration Containing Rumen-Protected Fat as Compared to a Control Diet

Hammon, H.M.; Metges, C. C.; Junghans, P.; Becker, F.; Bellmann, O.; Schneider, Falk; Nürnberg, Gerd; Dubreuil, Pascal; Lapierre, H.

doi:10.3168/jds.2007-0517

Cited by 57 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Furthermore, GOx is inversely correlated to milk production . The GOx obtained in the present study supports previous measurements (Hammon et al, 2008), and the increasing rate of GOx with lactation is in line with increasing eGP and glucose availability (Danfaer, 1994;Bell and Bauman, 1997). Glucose oxidation was numerically lower in CLA-than Ctrl-fed cows, which seems to support the hypothesis of lower glucose use in CLA-fed cows.…”

Section: Cla Effects On Glucose Metabolismsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…This is in contrast to feeding of rumen-protected fat, where plasma glucose concentrations decreased, but eGP was unchanged (Hammon et al, 2008). The slightly lower DMI in CLA-fed cows probably contributed to the decreased eGP observed in our study, likely caused by lower propionate availability in CLA-fed cows (Aschenbach et al, 2010).…”

Section: Cla Effects On Glucose Metabolismcontrasting

confidence: 53%

“…13 C]-glucose was determined by GC-MS (QP2010, coupled with GC 2010; Shimadzu, Duisburg, Germany) as recently described (Hammon et al, 2008;Steinhoff-Wagner et al, 2011). Whole blood in potassium-EDTA tubes collected before and at regular intervals between 10 to 240 min after start of tracer infusion was used to isolate CO 2 , to measure its 13 C/ 12 C Concentrate Universal 18/3 (Vollkraft Mischfutterwerke GmbH) consisted of (g/kg of DM) 200-400 g of cereals (triticale, rye, wheat, barley), <250 g of rapeseed expeller, malt germs, wheat gluten, wheat bran, peeled oat-bran, beet pulp chips, molasses, glycerin, calcium (0.19 mol; 7.5 g), phosphorus (0.18 mol; 5.5 g), sodium (0.09 mol; 2 g), retinol (9.66 μmol; 2.4 mg), β-carotene (8.95 μmol; 4.8 mg), 25-OHvitamin D 3 (0.05 μmol; 22.5 μg).…”

Section: Egp and Goxmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three days after GTT at wk 3 and 9 of lactation, respectively, eGP and GOx were determined after overnight food withdrawal using a primed continuous intravenous infusion of [U-13 C]-glucose [99 atom% 13 C, Eurisotop, Staint Aubin, Cedex, France; prime: 5.4 μmol/kg; infusion: 7.5 μmol/(kg × h)] for 4 h (Hammon et al, 2008;Steinhoff-Wagner et al, 2011). Cows were fitted with 2 jugular catheters (Cavafix Certo 338) for tracer infusion and blood sampling.…”

Section: Egp and Goxmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid in dairy cows reduces endogenous glucose production during early lactation

Hötger

Hammon

Weber

et al. 2013

Journal of Dairy Science

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Trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation causes milk fat depression in dairy cows, but CLA effects on glucose metabolism are not clear. The objective of the study was to investigate glucose metabolism, especially endogenous glucose production (eGP) and glucose oxidation (GOx), as well as hepatic genes involved in endogenous glucose production in Holstein cows supplemented either with 50 g of rumen-protected CLA (9% trans-10,cis-12 and 10% cis-9,trans-11; CLA; n = 10) or 50 g of control fat (24% C18:2; Ctrl; n = 10) from wk 2 before parturition to wk 9 of lactation. Animal performance data were recorded and blood metabolites and hormones were taken weekly from 2 wk before to 12 wk after parturition. During wk 3 and 9 after parturition, glucose tolerance tests were performed and eGP and GOx were measured by [U-13 C] glucose infusion. Liver biopsies were taken at the same time to measure total fat and glycogen concentrations and gene expression of pyruvate carboxylase, cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1. Conjugated linoleic acid feeding reduced milk fat, but increased milk lactose output; milk yield was higher starting 5 wk after parturition in CLA-fed cows than in Ctrl-fed cows. Energy balance was more negative during CLA supplementation, and plasma concentrations of glucose were higher immediately after calving in CLAfed cows. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation did not affect insulin release during glucose tolerance tests, but reduced eGP in wk 3, and eGP and GOx increased with time after parturition. Hepatic gene expression of cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase tended to be lower in CLA-fed cows than in Ctrl-fed cows. In spite of lower eGP in CLA-fed cows, lactose output and plasma glucose concentrations were greater in CLA-fed cows than in Ctrl-fed cows. This suggests a CLA-related glucose sparing effect most likely due to lower glucose utilization for milk fat synthesis and probably because of a more efficient whole-body energy utilization in CLA-fed cows.

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Section: Cla Effects On Glucose Metabolismsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Cla Effects On Glucose Metabolismcontrasting

confidence: 53%

Section: Egp and Goxmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Egp and Goxmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid in dairy cows reduces endogenous glucose production during early lactation

Hötger

Hammon

Weber

et al. 2013

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…A marked decrease in plasma glucose concentrations in cows with excessive fat mobilization was seen in other studies (Ohgi et al 2005;Hammon et al, 2009). Lower plasma glucose concentrations after calving were also observed in some studies in which cows were fed fat (Hammon et al, 2008;Duske et al, 2009), but not consistently . Obviously, more glucose was spared for cows in the high group than in the medium and low groups by using NEFA and BHBA as energy-yielding substrates instead of glucose (Drackley et al, 2001).…”

Section: Associations Between Liver Fat Concentrations and Metabolitementioning

confidence: 51%

Variation in fat mobilization during early lactation differently affects feed intake, body condition, and lipid and glucose metabolism in high-yielding dairy cows

Weber

Hametner

Tuchscherer

et al. 2013

Journal of Dairy Science

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176

161

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Fat mobilization to meet energy requirements during early lactation is inevitable because of insufficient feed intake, but differs greatly among high-yielding dairy cows. Therefore, we studied milk production, feed intake, and body condition as well as metabolic and endocrine changes in high-yielding dairy cows to identify variable strategies in metabolic and endocrine adaptation to overcome postpartum metabolic load attributable to milk production. Cows used in this study varied in fat mobilization around calving, as classified by mean total liver fat concentrations (LFC) postpartum. German Holstein cows (n = 27) were studied from dry off until d 63 postpartum in their third lactation. All cows were fed the same total mixed rations ad libitum during the dry period and lactation. Plasma concentrations of metabolites and hormones were measured in blood samples taken at d 56, 28, 15, and 5 before expected calving and at d 1 and once weekly up to d 63 postpartum. Liver biopsies were taken on d 56 and 15 before calving, and on d 1, 14, 28, and 49 postpartum to measure LFC and glycogen concentrations. Cows were grouped accordingly to mean total LFC on d 1, 14, and 28 in high, medium, and low fat-mobilizing cows. Mean LFC (±SEM) differed among groups and were 351 ± 14, 250 ± 10, and 159 ± 9 mg/g of dry matter for high, medium, and low fat-mobilizing cows, respectively, whereas hepatic glycogen concentrations postpartum were the highest in low fat-mobilizing cows. Cows in the low group showed the highest dry matter intake and the least negative energy balance postpartum, but energy-corrected milk yield was similar among groups. The decrease in body weight postpartum was greatest in high fat-mobilizing cows, but the decrease in backfat thickness was greatest in medium fat-mobilizing cows. Plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate were highest around calving in high fat-mobilizing cows. Plasma triglycerides were highest in the medium group and plasma cholesterol concentrations were lowest in the high group at calving. During early lactation, the decrease in plasma glucose concentrations was greatest in the high group, and plasma insulin concentrations postpartum were highest in the low group. The revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index values decreased during the transition period and postpartum, and were highest in the medium group. Plasma cortisol concentrations during the transition period and postpartum period and plasma leptin concentrations were highest in the medium group. In conclusion, cows adapted differently to the metabolic load and used variable strategies for homeorhetic regulation of milk production. Differences in fat mobilization were part of these strategies and contributed to the individual adaptation of energy metabolism to milk production.

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Gluconeogenesis in dairy cows: The secret of making sweet milk from sour dough

et al. 2010

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SummaryGluconeogenesis is a crucial process to support glucose homeostasis when nutritional supply with glucose is insufficient. Because ingested carbohydrates are efficiently fermented to short-chain fatty acids in the rumen, ruminants are required to meet the largest part of their glucose demand by de novo genesis after weaning. The qualitative difference to nonruminant species is that propionate originating from ruminal metabolism is the major substrate for gluconeogenesis. Disposal of propionate into gluconeogenesis via propionyl-CoA carboxylase, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, and the cytosolic form of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) has a high metabolic priority and continues even if glucose is exogenously supplied. Gluconeogenesis is regulated at the transcriptional and several posttranscriptional levels and is under hormonal control (primarily insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone). Transcriptional regulation is relevant for regulating precursor entry into gluconeogenesis (propionate, alanine and other amino acids, lactate, and glycerol). Promoters of the bovine pyruvate carboxylase (PC) and PEPCK genes are directly controlled by metabolic products. The final steps decisive for glucose release (fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose 6-phosphatase) appear to be highly dependent on posttranscriptional regulation according to actual glucose status. Glucogenic precursor entry, together with hepatic glycogen dynamics, is mostly sufficient to meet the needs for hepatic glucose output except in high-producing dairy cows during the transition from the dry period to peak lactation. Lactating cows adapt to the increased glucose requirement for lactose production by mobilization of endogenous glucogenic substrates and increased hepatic PC expression. If these adaptations fail, lipid metabolism may be altered leading to fatty liver and ketosis. Increasing feed intake and provision of glucogenic precursors from the diet are important to ameliorate these disturbances. An improved understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying gluconeogenesis may further improve our options to enhance the postpartum health status of dairy cows.

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Metabolic Changes and Net Portal Flux in Dairy Cows Fed a Ration Containing Rumen-Protected Fat as Compared to a Control Diet

Cited by 57 publications

References 39 publications

Supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid in dairy cows reduces endogenous glucose production during early lactation

Supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid in dairy cows reduces endogenous glucose production during early lactation

Variation in fat mobilization during early lactation differently affects feed intake, body condition, and lipid and glucose metabolism in high-yielding dairy cows

Gluconeogenesis in dairy cows: The secret of making sweet milk from sour dough

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