Metabolic and performance adaptations to interval training in endurance-trained cyclists

Westgarth-Taylor, Christopher; Hawley, John A.; Rickard, Scott; Myburgh, Kathryn H.; Noakes, Timothy D.; Dennis, Steven C.

doi:10.1007/s004210050164

Cited by 111 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Improvements in aerobic and anaerobic capacity have been noted in previous studies that predominantly used high-intensity training (Bayati, et al, 2011;Lindsay, et al, 1996;Westgarth-Taylor, et al, 1997;Tabata, et al, 1996;Tabata, et al, 1997;Hottenrott, et al, 2010;Acevedo & Godfarb, 1989;Garber, et al, 2011;Midgley, et al, 2006). These studies have noted an improvement in aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity, peak power output, peak sustained power, maximum blood lactate levels, and time to fatigue.…”

Section: Chapter 4 Resultsmentioning

confidence: 71%

Physiological And Performance Effects Of Crossfit

Goins¹,

Richardson²,

Wingo³

et al. 2014

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise

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CrossFit has grown in popularity over the past few years, which has led to an increased need for more research on this type of training. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of CrossFit on aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity (VO 2max ), power, performance, resting heart rate, resting blood pressure, and body composition. This study also assessed the rating of perceived exertion after a CrossFit workout and perceived recovery the day following a workout.The study was a pre-post design in which twelve participants completed a 30-day, 6-week, CrossFit training program. Prior to the exercise program, VO 2max , maximal accumulated oxygen deficit, vertical jump height, body weight, body composition, resting heart rate, and resting blood pressure were assessed for each individual. The first three workouts of the 6-week program were also used to assess performance in three CrossFit workouts that stressed all three energy systems.These same measurements were assessed at the end of the 6-week training session. Pairedsamples T-tests showed statistically significant improvement for VO 2max (11%, p = .001), maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (25%, p = .021), performance in all three CrossFit workouts (CrossFit Total: 11%, p < .001; 500m row: 4%, p = .017; Fight Gone Bad: 31%, p < .001), and diastolic blood pressure (14%, p = .014). Average rating of perceived exertion for each training session was found to be 15 ± 2, and the average rating of perceived recovery was stated to be 7.2 ± 1.3. These results show that participating in a CrossFit training program based on the Training Guide can lead to improvements in aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity, and performance using all three energy systems.iii DEDICATION First, I would like to dedicate this dissertation to the participants that volunteered their time and effort in order to help me complete this project. I cannot name you all individually, but

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Section: Chapter 4 Resultsmentioning

confidence: 71%

Physiological And Performance Effects Of Crossfit

Goins¹,

Richardson²,

Wingo³

et al. 2014

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise

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“…Previous studies of the effect of short-term (~3 wk) intensified training have reported improvements in athletic performance [4,5,8,10], accompanied by shifts in substrate metabolism (from carbohydrate to fat). There have been mixed responses of enzyme activity after intensified training [1,4,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One mechanism that has been proposed to explain improvements in endurance performance of athletes is a change in neuromuscular recruitment patterns [5,12]. But there appears to be little known about the neuromuscular response to HIT and hence it is not possible to understand its role in enhancing performance in response to HIT.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endurance Training Of Trained Athletes-An Electromyogram Study

Jemma

Hawley²,

Kumar³

et al. 2005

2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference

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Abstract-Little is known about the mechanism that improves the capabilities of athletes by high, intensity interval training (HIT). This study was conducted to determine the neurophysiological changes due to HIT. Changes in surface electromyography (SEMG) in welltrained endurance cyclists due to the training were identified. Seven subjects (maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max] 64.6 ± ± ± ± 4.8 ml.kg-1.min-1, mean ± ± ± ± SD) undertook a 3 week training intervention, replacing~15% of their weekly endurance training with 6 sessions of laboratory-based HIT (8 x 5 min work bouts at 82% of PPO [~85% VO2max], with 60 sec active recovery at 100 W). SEMG was used to assess neuromuscular changes before and after the 3 wk training program. During the first and sixth training session, SEMG was recorded. To determine the effects of the HIT program on performance, subjects performed a 40 km time trial (TT40) before and after the training intervention. The frequency of SEMG is a measure of the muscle fatigue and hence was used to identify the variation of the signal properties. Three weeks of intensified training decreased the mean power frequency of the SEMG signal during the latter stages of HIT (interval seven) 50.2 ± ± ± ± 5.1 to 47.5 ± ± ± ± 4.2 Hz (P<0.05). The preliminary conclusions of these experiments suggest that high-intensity interval training enhanced endurance performance and reduced the fatiguing of the muscles. It is suggested that this was possibly due to recruitment of addition slow-twitch motor units.I.

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“…However, the importance of V O2max as a valid measure for assessing performance improvements after HIIT remains in question, due to findings reporting only a modest association between V O2max improvements and performance improvements [36] and since numerous HIIT studies involving well-trained endurance athletes did not even report changes in V O2max after training [32,33,37,38] .…”

Section: O2max and Exercise Training In Trained Athletesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In endurance-trained athletes, small improvements in performance are critical to success; therefore, establishing the sensitivity of laboratory-derived variables such as peak power output and LT2 to detect these performance changes is important. High-intensity interval training (HIIT), defined as repeated short-to-long bouts of rather high-intensity (80-100% peak heart rate [26] ) exercise interspersed with recovery periods [27] , has been shown to improve running (3-10 km) [28][29][30] , treadmill roller skiing (12 km) [31] and cycling (15-40 km) [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] time trial performances in trained athletes, although the majority of these studies involved men only [28,30,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] , with only one study combining men and women [31] and another not stating the sex of participants [29] . In response to HIIT, LT2 adaptations in endurance-trained athletes have only been reported in response to training interventions over one year [40] , five months [41] , and in one short-term study where seven HIIT sessions were completed in seven days [39] .…”

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confidence: 99%

Sex differences and training adaptations in relation to the lactate threshold and endurance exercise performance

Fisher¹

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The second lactate threshold (LT2) has long been associated with endurance performance in trained endurance athletes. In Australia, the state institutes and academies of sport utilise the modified maximum deviation (D-max) method to determine LT2 in endurance athletes for the purpose of establishing training intensities and indicating whether athletes are appropriately adapting to training loads. For LT2 methods to be considered valid, it had been suggested that strong associations with simulated endurance performance and the maximal lactate steady-state (MLSS) are required. Although research has established a strong relationship between the modified D-max and endurance performance, there are gaps in the literature which this thesis aims to investigate. iii appropriate measurement of ovarian hormones. Therefore, the second study extended study one, to explore the same experimental aims, in endurance-trained women (n = 12) whilst controlling for ovarian hormone concentrations through the use of hormonal contraceptives. When comparing to the men's results from study one, power output and V O2 at LT2 were also found to be significantly correlated with 40 km cycling performance in endurance-trained women. Additionally, combining maximal (peak power output and V O2max) and fractional utilisation (V O2 and power output at LT2) variables produced the strongest prediction of performance in women (r 2 = 0.87) and men (r 2 = 0.95). In women, VT2 was significantly higher than LT2 for all variables measured, despite no differences observed for the men. More women (73%) than men (50%) completed 30 min of cycling and elicited a steady-state [La -] at their LT2 power output, despite LT2 being significantly higher than the self-selected power output during a 40 km cycling time trial in women.The final study examined the sensitivity of the modified D-max LT2 to adapt to a brief highintensity interval training (HIIT) intervention in already-endurance trained men (n = 9) and women (n = 8). Although not significant, women (but not men) showed a trend towards LT2 power output improvement (2.2%; p = 0.08) post-HIIT. Mean 40 km time trial performance significantly improved in both men (-1.7%) and women (-2.6%), with no difference in the magnitude of change between sexes. Furthermore, although LT2 power output explained 77% of the improvement in 40 km cycling performance in women, none of the measured variables explained the performance improvement in men, suggesting that mechanisms other than those responsible for the LT2 were involved. The LT2-performance relationship was intensity-dependent in both men and women, shown by significant correlations at post-HIIT but not baseline. Some of the sex-related differences may, at least in part, be explained by the influence of oestradiol, perhaps by the exacerbation of the sex-based differences in substrate metabolism and subsequent effects on [La -] and fatigue, and/or greater cardiovascular stress in men than women.Collectively, these studies improve understanding of the modifie...

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Metabolic and performance adaptations to interval training in endurance-trained cyclists

Cited by 111 publications

References 24 publications

Physiological And Performance Effects Of Crossfit

Physiological And Performance Effects Of Crossfit

Endurance Training Of Trained Athletes-An Electromyogram Study

Sex differences and training adaptations in relation to the lactate threshold and endurance exercise performance

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