Metabolic and immunomodulatory control of type 1 diabetes via orally delivered bile-acid-polymer nanocarriers of insulin or rapamycin

Advances in oral peptide drug nanoparticles for diabetes mellitus treatment

“… [ 77 ] Zwitterionic PCB Insulin/STZ-induced T1DM rats/50 U/kg PCB/insulin particles induced the TJs open of intestinal epithelium [ 145 ] CS-CPP modified GLP-1 loaded PLGA NPs GLP-1/Nicotinamide-STZ induced T2DM rats/300 μg/kg CS and CPP increased the intestinal permeation [ 147 ] Insulin and TMC core with pHPMA coating Insulin/STZ-induced T1DM rats/50 U/kg pHPMA facilitated mucus permeation and TMC open the TJs between epithelial cells [ 148 ] Synthetic polymer PC6 coating on CS NPs Insulin/STZ-induced T1DM rats/50 U/kg PC6 facilitated NPs across the mucus and triggered the TJs opening by covalently bind to the cysteine-rich receptors [ 149 ] Polymerized UDCA Insulin/NOD mice/285 mIU/kg pUDCA NPs functioned as a high-avidity bile-acid receptor agonist. [ 150 ] MSNs Insulin-loaded MSN modified with PLA-PEG-CPP Insulin/STZ-induced T1DM rats/80 U/kg PEG and CPP achieved hydrophilic and electroneutral interaction with mucus. [ 157 ] Insulin-loaded MSN with cationic CPP5 and anionic glutaric anhydride Insulin/STZ-induced T1DM rats/100 U/kg The hydrophilic and electroneutral NPs showed lower binding to mucin and faster penetration of the mucus layer.…”

“…Bile-acid monomer ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) can impact insulin sensitivity and lower insulin resistance in T2DM. Lee et al polymerized UDCA (pUDCA) and formulated it into NPs for the oral delivery of insulin [ 150 ]. NPs with spherical morphology were with an average diameter of about 344.3 nm and a zeta potential of about −24.9 mV.…”

Exosome-based drug delivery systems and their therapeutic applications

“…[9][10][11][12][13] Similarly, treatment agents have been encapsulated into organic NPs like polymeric NPs and liposomes in order to enhance the healing effect. [14][15][16][17][18][19] Although these NPs have been described as potential drug carriers, a major and critical limitation to their application in the biomedical and biotechnological elds is their toxicity prole. [20][21][22][23] Recently, many scientists have shied focus to exosomes as new potential drug carriers and attempted the development of exosome-based DDSs.…”

“…9–13 Similarly, treatment agents have been encapsulated into organic NPs like polymeric NPs and liposomes in order to enhance the healing effect. 14–19 Although these NPs have been described as potential drug carriers, a major and critical limitation to their application in the biomedical and biotechnological fields is their toxicity profile. 20–23…”

Surface Adsorption‐Mediated Ultrahigh Efficient Peptide Encapsulation with a Precise Ratiometric Control for Type 1 and 2 Diabetic Therapy

“…Combination therapy is widely adopted in clinical practice to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of each drug for various disease treatments. [17][18][19][20][21][22] For type 2 diabetic patients, combination therapy must be considered when the level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is equal to or greater than 9.0%. [23] The combination of basal insulin and a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist can improve glycemic control, lower hypoglycemic risk, and alleviate body weight gain of type 2 diabetic patients.…”