Metabolic and Immunological Effects of Intermittent Fasting on a Ketogenic Diet Containing Medium-Chain Triglycerides in Healthy Dogs

Leung, Y. Becca; Cave, Nick J.; Heiser, Axel; Edwards, Patrick J. B.; Godfrey, A. Jonathan R.; Wester, Tim

doi:10.3389/fvets.2019.00480

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 103 publications

(123 reference statements)

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“…The ketogenic diet activates a subset of T cells in the lungs not previously associated with the immune system's response to influenza; this action enhances mucus production by airway cells that can effectively trap the virus (82). Nonetheless, the level and source of dietary fat did not significantly influence antibody titer against NDV at 42 and 70 days of age (80,83), but had a positive effect on antibody in other experiments (44,45). In humans, dietary CocO normalize body lipids, protect the liver from alcohol damage, and improve the immune system's anti-inflammatory response (27,74,75).…”

Section: Serum Antibody Titermentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Subsequently, they are metabolized by hepatocytes into ketones and used as an energy source. This process maintains the serum leptin level and promotes ketogenesis during shortterm fasting and energy restriction (80). Leptin can enhance immune functions, including inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages, granulocyte chemotaxis, and increased Th17 proliferation (81).…”

Section: Serum Antibody Titermentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Different Oil Sources on Performance, Digestive Enzymes, Carcass Traits, Biochemical, Immunological, Antioxidant, and Morphometric Responses of Broiler Chicks

2020

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This research evaluate the influence of different oil sources, namely fish oil (FO), coconut oil (CocO), canola oil (CanO), or a mixture of the three oils (MTO)-included at 1.5% in broiler diets-compared to a no oil-supplemented diet. Hence, 250 unsexed, 1-day-old Cobb chicks were weighed and randomly allocated into five dietary treatment groups of 50 chicks each and five replicates per group. Oil-supplemented diets significantly increased the growth, improved the feed conversion ratio (FCR), and decreased the abdominal fat percentage compared to the control diet. Amylase was significantly elevated due to feeding the FO-or CocO-supplemented-diet compared to the control diet, whereas lipase increased due to offering CocO-and CanO-enriched diet; chymotrypsin increased due to different oil sources. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased markedly due to offering an oil-supplemented diet, but low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), the LDL-C:HDL-C ratio, and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased. Blood plasma immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM significantly increased due to feeding CocO, CanO, or MTO compared to the control group, whereas FO increased IgG only. FO-and CanO-containing diets resulted in the highest increase in α2-globulin and γ-globulin. The antibody titer to avian influenza (HIAI) and Newcastle disease (HIND) were significantly elevated due to CocO supplementation compared to the control group. The bursa follicle length and width and thymus cortex depth were increased considerably due to the FO-supplemented diet compared to the control, but the follicle length:width ratio decreased. The villus height:depth ratio was significantly elevated due to both the CanO and MTO diets. The antioxidant status improved considerably due to the addition of CocO and CanO. Both CanO and MTO similarly increased plasma T3, T4, and the T3:T4 ratio. In conclusion, oil supplementations at 1.5% enhanced growth performance and immune status, improved the blood lipid profile and antioxidants status, and the effect of the oil sources depends on the criteria of response.

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Section: Serum Antibody Titermentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Serum Antibody Titermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Different Oil Sources on Performance, Digestive Enzymes, Carcass Traits, Biochemical, Immunological, Antioxidant, and Morphometric Responses of Broiler Chicks

2020

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“…Dogs more slowly achieve ketosis after initiation of fasting, do not achieve as high levels of βHB when ketotic, and also manifest decreases in βHB after carbohydrate re-provision more rapidly than humans [ 26 ]. Further, in response to high fat foods and intermittent fasting, dogs do not generate levels of circulating βHB that are considered ketotic in humans [ 33 ]. This may be due to dogs’ capacity for sustaining circulating glucose via gluconeogenesis from adipose-sourced, triglyceride-derived glycerol and a lack of pronounced glucagonemia [ 34 ], as well as presenting with peripheral musculature highly efficient at utilizing non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) [ 35 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macronutrient Proportions and Fat Type Impact Ketogenicity and Shape the Circulating Lipidome in Dogs

Jackson

2022

Metabolites

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Many physiological processes including ketogenesis are similar in dogs and humans, but there is little information available on the effect of carbohydrate restriction in dogs. Here, the ketogenicity and serum metabolic profiles of dogs were assessed after they had consumed high carbohydrate (HiCHO); high protein, low carbohydrate (PROT_LoCHO); or high fat, low carbohydrate (FAT_LoCHO) foods. Thirty-six dogs were fed HiCHO for 4 weeks, then randomized to PROT_LoCHO or FAT_LoCHO for 5 weeks. Dogs then crossed over to the other food for an additional 5 weeks. Generally, reduction of dietary carbohydrate by replacement with either protein or fat increased the energy required to maintain body weight, and fat had a greater effect. Postabsorptive energy availability derived mainly from glucose and triglycerides with HiCHO, from gluconeogenic amino acids and fatty acids with PROT_LoCHO, and from fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate with FAT_LoCHO. This study demonstrated that the reduction of carbohydrate in canine foods is potentially beneficial to dogs based on improvements in metabolism and supports the use of low-carbohydrate foods as safe and effective for healthy adult dogs.

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“…More recently, in both animals and humans, a variety of alternative "anti-aging" diet modalities have been described which are providing new mechanistic insights and potential clinical applications [6]. These diets include intermittent fasting [7,8], fasting mimicking diets [9,10], ketogenic diets [11][12][13][14][15], protein or essential amino acid restriction [16,17], and time-restricted feeding [18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Once-daily feeding is associated with better health in companion dogs: results from the Dog Aging Project

et al. 2022

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A variety of diets have been studied for possible anti-aging effects. In particular, studies of intermittent fasting and time-restricted feeding in laboratory rodents have found evidence of beneficial health outcomes. Companion dogs represent a unique opportunity to study diet in a large mammal that shares human environments. The Dog Aging Project has been collecting data on thousands of companion dogs of all different ages, sizes, and breeds since 2019. We leveraged this diverse cross-sectional dataset to investigate associations between feeding frequency and cognitive function (n = 10,474) as well as nine broad categories of health conditions (n = 24,238). Controlling for sex, age, breed, and other potential confounders, we found that dogs fed once daily rather than more frequently had lower mean scores on a cognitive dysfunction scale, and lower odds of having gastrointestinal, dental, orthopedic, kidney/urinary, and liver/pancreas disorders. Therefore, we find that once-daily feeding is associated with better health in multiple domains. Future research with longitudinal data can provide stronger evidence for a possible causal effect of feeding frequency on health in companion dogs.

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Metabolic and Immunological Effects of Intermittent Fasting on a Ketogenic Diet Containing Medium-Chain Triglycerides in Healthy Dogs

Cited by 9 publications

References 103 publications

The Effects of Different Oil Sources on Performance, Digestive Enzymes, Carcass Traits, Biochemical, Immunological, Antioxidant, and Morphometric Responses of Broiler Chicks

The Effects of Different Oil Sources on Performance, Digestive Enzymes, Carcass Traits, Biochemical, Immunological, Antioxidant, and Morphometric Responses of Broiler Chicks

Macronutrient Proportions and Fat Type Impact Ketogenicity and Shape the Circulating Lipidome in Dogs

Once-daily feeding is associated with better health in companion dogs: results from the Dog Aging Project

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