Metabolic and Hormonal Reactions During Training in Junior Oarsmen

Steinacker, Jürgen M.; Laske, R.; Hetzel, W. D.; Lormes, W.; Liu, Y; Stauch, M

doi:10.1055/s-2007-1021219

Cited by 27 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…We also noted that the training programme between T 2 and T 3 induced a signi®cant decrease in T concentrations at 11.30 a.m. and 5 p.m. Increases in F and decreases in T during high-intensity training have been reported previously (Steinacker et al 1993;Hoogeveen and Zonderland 1996). However, the mechanism for these changes in athletes remains unclear.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Preliminary results on mood state, salivary testosterone:cortisol ratio and team performance in a professional soccer team

Filaire

Bernain

Sagnol

et al. 2001

European Journal of Applied Physiology

137

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Mood, as measured by the profile of mood states questionnaire (POMS), salivary cortisol (F) and testosterone (T) levels, and performance were examined in 17 male soccer players 4 times during a season. Soccer players provided three saliva samples when getting up (resting values, 8 a.m.), before breakfast (11.30 a.m.), and between 4.00 p.m. and 6.00 p.m. The initial measures were performed 1 day following the start of season training (T1). They were then performed before and after a high-intensity training programme (T2 and T3, respectively) and 16 weeks after T3 (T4). Iceberg profiles of POMS were observed during T1, T2 and T3, which coincided with successful performance. Subsequent decreased performance between T3 and T4 coincided with a decrease in vigor and an increase in tension and depression. Indeed, when the normal nycthemeral rhythm for F was observed (i.e. a decrease from morning until evening at all times; T1-T4), there was seemingly a non-statistical elevation of F on the morning of T3, which only became statistically significant at 11.30 a.m. on T3. In spite of a post-high-intensity training programme (T3) increase in catabolism, the soccer players presented iceberg profiles together with a high percentage of winning. Our results could suggest that in team soccer, a decreased T:F ratio does not automatically lead to a decrease in team performance or a state of team overtraining. It appears that combined psychological and physiological changes during high-intensity training are primarily of interest when monitoring training stress in relation to performance.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Preliminary results on mood state, salivary testosterone:cortisol ratio and team performance in a professional soccer team

Filaire

Bernain

Sagnol

et al. 2001

European Journal of Applied Physiology

137

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“…In our study, we did not document androgen and estrogen levels in sedentary controls and athletes. Therefore, a change of the hormonal balance due to extensive training in male and female athletes contributing to the lack of sex-specific cardiac changes cannot be ruled out (29,30).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex‐specific characteristics of cardiac function, geometry, and mass in young adult elite athletes

Petersen

Hudsmith

Robson

et al. 2006

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Purpose: To study young adult elite athletes with age-and sex-matched sedentary controls to assess sex-specific differences for left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes and mass as well as for LV contraction and relaxation. Materials and Methods:A total of 23 male athletes (mean age 25 Ϯ 4 years, training 22 Ϯ 7 hours/week in rowing, swimming, or triathlon) and 20 female athletes (mean age 24 Ϯ 4 years, training 19 Ϯ 5 hours/week in rowing, swimming, or triathlon) and age-and sex-matched sedentary controls (21 male/17 female) underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging (1.5 Tesla). Cardiac phase contrast imaging using a black-blood k-space segmented gradient echo sequence was used for analysis of cardiac contraction and relaxation and steady-state freeprecession cine images were acquired for determination of cardiac volumes and mass.Results: Male and female athletes showed similar increases in LV and RV volume and mass indices when compared to controls (ranging between 15% and 42%). No sexspecific differences in training effect on LV and RV volumes, mass indices, and ejection fractions, as well as LV to RV ratios of these volume and mass indices (parameters of balanced LV and RV dilatation and hypertrophy) were observed (all P for interaction Ͼ0.05). Similarly, no sex-specific differences in training effect on cardiac contraction and relaxation were found (all P for interaction Ͼ0.05). Conclusion:Young adult elite athletes do not show sexspecific adaptive structural and functional changes to exercise training in accordance with the benign nature of the hypertrophy associated with athlete's heart.

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“…molecular, biochemical and regulatory) which may lead consecutively to disturbances of well being, possible illness and underperformance. The balance of training-specific, psychological and other more nonspecific stressors and recovery processes determines the outcome of a given training situation (Lehmann et al 1997(Lehmann et al , 1999aSteinacker et al 1993Steinacker et al , 1999Steinacker et al , 2000aSteinacker et al , 2002Weicker and Strobel 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New aspects of the hormone and cytokine response to training

Steinacker

Lormes

Reissnecker

et al. 2004

European Journal of Applied Physiology

132

128

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Exercise training is associated with peripheral-cellular and central-cerebral processes, hormonal-neuronal regulation and transmission mechanisms. During the acute training response, peripheral cellular mechanisms are mainly metabolostatic to achieve energy supply and involve associated cytokine and hormonal reactions. Glycogen deficiency is associated with increased expression of local cytokines (interleukin-6, IL-6), decreased expression of glucose transporters, increased cortisol and decreased insulin secretion and beta-adrenergic stimulation. A nutrient-sensing signal of adipose tissue may be represented by leptin which, as for insulin, IL-6 and insulin-like growth-factor I (IGF-I), has profound effects on the hypothalamus and is involved in the metabolic hormonal regulation of exercise and training. Muscle damage and repair processes may involve the expression of inflammatory cytokines (e.g. tumour necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-alpha) and of stress proteins (e.g. heat shock protein 72). During overreaching and overtraining, a myopathy-like state is observed in skeletal muscle with depressed turnover of contractile proteins (e.g. in fast-type glycolytic fibres with a concomitant increase in slow type myosins). These alterations are influenced by exercise-induced hypercortisolism, and by decreased somatotropic hormones (e.g. IGF-I). The hypothalamus integrates various error signals (metabolic, hormonal, sensory afferents and central stimuli) and therefore pituitary releasing hormones represent the functional status of an athlete and long-term hypothalamic hormonal and sympathoadrenal downregulation are some of the prominent hormonal signs of prolonged overtraining and performance incompetence syndrome.

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Metabolic and Hormonal Reactions During Training in Junior Oarsmen

Cited by 27 publications

References 16 publications

Preliminary results on mood state, salivary testosterone:cortisol ratio and team performance in a professional soccer team

Preliminary results on mood state, salivary testosterone:cortisol ratio and team performance in a professional soccer team

Sex‐specific characteristics of cardiac function, geometry, and mass in young adult elite athletes

New aspects of the hormone and cytokine response to training

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