Metabolic and glucostatic control of feeding

Langhans, Wolfgang

doi:10.1079/pns19960044

Cited by 74 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 131 publications

(177 reference statements)

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“…In rodent models a number of neurochemicals have been identi®ed which may be involved in linking information regarding peripheral CHO status to FB (Lebowitz 1992;Bray, 1992;Langhans, 1996, for reviews). Likewise, central administration of a number of neuropeptides can selectively increase or decrease fat intake in rats with access to pure macronutrient sources (Lebowitz, 1992;Bray, 1992;Langhans, 1996).…”

Section: Physiological Determinants Of Nutrient Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Likewise, central administration of a number of neuropeptides can selectively increase or decrease fat intake in rats with access to pure macronutrient sources (Lebowitz, 1992;Bray, 1992;Langhans, 1996). It is unclear whether these extreme interventions actually drive nutrient selection in the experimental models used or whether they in¯uence other factors such as the oro-sensory response to the pure nutrient sources provided, or actually make some pure nutrient sources aversive.…”

Section: Physiological Determinants Of Nutrient Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High and low carbohydrate and fat intakes: limits imposed by appetite and palatability and their implications for energy balance

Blundell

Stubbs²

1999

Eur J Clin Nutr

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This report examines several issues concerning the effects of dietary fats and carbohydrates (CHOs) on body weight and the limits set on the intake of these nutrients by factors in¯uencing appetite control: (i) the physiological relationship between feeding behaviour (FB) and body weight; (ii) the distribution of nutrients in Western foods and the implications this may have for FB; (iii) the contribution of nutrients in the diet, to total EI under both extreme and typical Western conditions; (iv) the known effects that fats, CHOs and dietary energy density (ED) exert on appetite and energy balance (EB); (v) the potential role of sensory factors in promoting or limiting fat, CHO and energy intakes (EI) in modern human populations Population studies and large surveys have identi®ed individuals with wide ranges of fat and CHO intakes. Intakes of fat can vary from an average of 180 gaday to 25 gaday in a representative sample. But on individual days fat intake can rise to well over 200 g according to a selection of high fat foods. In a single meal, people can consume an amount of fat greater than the population daily average. From this analysis it can be deduced that the appetite control mechanism will permit the consumption of large amounts of fat (if an abundance of high fat foods exist in the food supply). Except for speci®c physiological circumstances (e.g. endurance explorers) where there is an urgent need for EIs, in the face of decreasing body weight, it is unlikely that the body will generate a speci®c drive for fat. Because CHO foods have a lower ED than fat foods (on average) and because of their greater satiating capacity, the free intake of high CHO foods is likely to be self-limiting (at lower EIs than those generated by fatty foods). This does not mean that excess EIs are impossible when people feed ad libitum on high CHO diets.

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Section: Physiological Determinants Of Nutrient Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Physiological Determinants Of Nutrient Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High and low carbohydrate and fat intakes: limits imposed by appetite and palatability and their implications for energy balance

Blundell

Stubbs²

1999

Eur J Clin Nutr

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“…In particular Ritter & Calingasan (1994) have provided important evidence which suggests that neural pathways monitor fat oxidation in the periphery and carbohydrate oxidation (perhaps more precisely) in both the periphery and the central nervous system. (5) Langhans (1996) notes that the mid-brain centres that are concerned with monitoring peripheral fuel utilization, are connected via extensive neural relays to the areas of the fore-brain (especially the lateral hypothalamus and the paraventricular nucleus) that are concerned with the control of protein, carbohydrate and fat balance. Thus, an integrative model is beginning to emerge which may account for the manner in which the central nervous system is capable of monitoring physiological signals concerned with overall macronutrient balance and fuel flux, and which accounts for the manner in which feeding behaviour responds to changes in peripheral physiology.…”

Section: New Integrative Models Of Peripheral Signals Affecting Feedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Appetite, feeding behaviour and energy balance in human subjects

Rj¹

1998

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Since the Second World War there has been a secular trend of increased overweight and obesity in societies where people have ad libitum access to Westem-type diets (Royal College of Physicians, 1983;Gregory et al. 1990;White et al. 1991; Department of Health, 1995). Over this time period the economic costs of obesity and the personal costs of being overweight (in terms of reduced quality of life, increased morbidity and mortality) have been well documented (Seidell, 1995). Throughout this period scientific efforts have intensified in attempting to understand the cause of overweight and obesity and in endeavours to produce effective approaches to sustained body-weight reduction. Ironically, the increased governmental, public health and biomedical research efforts aimed at understanding how to reverse current secular trends in body fatness have been accompanied by an escalation of those very trends. We have now reached the remarkable situation in the UK whereby more that half of the adult population has been categorized as collectively overweight and obese (Department of Health, 1995). By considering research trends in the area of human energy balance (EB) over the last two decades it should become apparent that current research has grown out of and built on the research that went before it. Several of the hypotheses of the 1970s and 1980s have been rejected as inoperable in human subjects in the light of the evidence that was collected to evaluate them. It is worth remembering that disproving an hypothesis does not reduce the contribution it has made to scientific understanding. The very process of disproving the hypothesis actually advances science and leads to new avenues of investigation. It is unfortunate that the meticulous process of hypothesis-testing necessarily proceeds at a somewhat slower rate than the problem that we are trying to address: a large prevalence of excess body weight. However, considerable progress has been made over the last two decades in understanding the major factors most likely to alter EB in man and the types of model which are likely to explain how some people become overweight and obese. These insights have proved invaluable in helping us address current issues pertinent to the control of EB and in targeting key research areas for the future. In order to fully illustrate this point it is worth considering the direction of research into obesity and EB over the last couple of decades.

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“…Frayn (1995) also highlights that macronutrient balances cannot be considered independently, and that manipulation of the level of one macronutrient in the diet will influence the systems regulating the storage or utilization of the other macronutrients. There have been several recent reviews covering the regulation of appetite by different macronutrients and relating these macronutrients to the subsequent oxidation of fuels (Langhans, 1996;Friedman, 1997). The present paper will review the more immediate physiological regulatory processes associated with the ingestion of dietary components in human subjects which may also influence the regulation of feeding behaviour, particularly in the short term.…”

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confidence: 99%

The effects of specific nutrients on the regulation of feeding behaviour in human subjects

French

1999

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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fax +44 (0) 114 261 0112, email S.J. French@Sheffield.ac.uk Regulation of short-term energy intake involves the balance of positive drives to eat arising from the sight, smell and palatability of food with negative feedback signals from learned associations, gastrointestinal and metabolic signals. The stomach and small intestine are major sites in the feedback inhibition of food intake and subsequent period of appetite suppression. The present paper reviews the evidence that not only does the nature of the regulatory signal suppressing food intake depend on the type and energy content of nutrient consumed, but also the specific chemical composition of the nutrients and the site at which they are delivered. It is evident that feedback inhibition of feeding can be modulated by the particular chemical structure of nutrients (e.g. specific sugar or triacylglycerol structures). These differences in response are likely to be a consequence of differences in physical properties of particular nutrients depending on their chemical structure, and may also result from different receptor affinities for specific dietary structures. Moreover, the site of administration of nutrients can also profoundly affect the size and nature of the subsequent feeding response, suggesting that feed-forward interactions occur between the taste of foods and gastrointestinal stimulation. Appetite: Gastrointestinal function: MacronutrientsExcess energy intake relative to expenditure will lead to weight gain and ultimately obesity. While high-fat diets usually lead to excess energy consumption due to their energy density and high palatability (Prentice & Poppit, 1996), the epidemiological evidence that fat per se is the major cause of obesity is far from clear (Seidell, 1998;Willett, 1998). The underlying mechanisms by which different dietary components affect the regulation of energy balance are not well understood. It is not clear whether the specific properties of diets determine changes in appetite or body weight through different actions on the oxidation of fuels, or whether changes in dietary composition simply result in changes in the energy density of the diet (Frayn, 1995). Frayn (1995) also highlights that macronutrient balances cannot be considered independently, and that manipulation of the level of one macronutrient in the diet will influence the systems regulating the storage or utilization of the other macronutrients. There have been several recent reviews covering the regulation of appetite by different macronutrients and relating these macronutrients to the subsequent oxidation of fuels (Langhans, 1996;Friedman, 1997). The present paper will review the more immediate physiological regulatory processes associated with the ingestion of dietary components in human subjects which may also influence the regulation of feeding behaviour, particularly in the short term.The mechanisms regulating short-term human feeding behaviour are numerous and complex. They involve the integration of positive drives to initiate and continue feeding ...

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Metabolic and glucostatic control of feeding

Cited by 74 publications

References 131 publications

High and low carbohydrate and fat intakes: limits imposed by appetite and palatability and their implications for energy balance

High and low carbohydrate and fat intakes: limits imposed by appetite and palatability and their implications for energy balance

Appetite, feeding behaviour and energy balance in human subjects

The effects of specific nutrients on the regulation of feeding behaviour in human subjects

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