Metabolic Adaptations to a “Stuff and Starve” Feeding Program. Ii. Obesity and the Persistence of Adaptive Changes in Adipose Tissue and Liver Occurring in Rats Limited to a Short Daily Feeding Period*

Hollifield, Guy; Parson, Walther

doi:10.1172/jci104477

Cited by 139 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Ad libitum feeding would thus still be the mode of choice for rehabilitation of small intestinal enzyme changes following a period of malnutrition. These findings are in contrast to Hollifield and Parson (19,20) who demonstrated greater weight gain and food consumption in restricted fed animals, but supportive of the findings of Leveille (21).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Effect of Nutritional Rehabilitation on the Development of Intestinal Brush Border Disaccharidases of Postnatally Malnourished Weanling Rats

et al. 1986

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ABSTRACf. The reversibility of the effects of postnatal malnutrition on the intestinal brush border enzymes and somatic and intestinal weights were examined using either ad libitum or restricted feedings. Malnutrition was induced in the immediate postnatal period by expanding newborn rat litters to 20 pups/dam. At 21 days of age, malnourished pups exhibited significantly decreased body and intestinal weights as compared to those from control litters. Malnourished pups also had significantly elevated lactase specific activities whereas sucrase and maltase activities were not affected in the proximal small intestine. With subsequent nutritional rehabilitation by an ad libitum (food available 24 h/day) or restricted feeding regimen (food available 2 h/day), body and intestinal weights remained significantly depressed by 56 days in malnourished as compared to control animals. Rats on 2-h feedings consumed approximately 35% of the food consumed by their ad libitum-fed counterparts. Comparison of the ratio of weight gained to the amount of food consumed did not demonstrate a greater food efficiency with any particular feeding pattern. With ad libitum or restricted feedings, lactase specific activity in the proximal segment attained control values by 14 days. Restricted feedings resulted in an apparent elevation of specific activity of sucrase and of maltase, when rats were sacrificed at one chosen time point. Multiple time studies in a 24-h cycle showed that maximal elevations in enzyme activities were associated with feeding time. There were no significant differences in mean specific daily enzyme activities between the two feeding regimens.Restricted feedings show no advantage in enzyme efficiency or in promoting the rate of recovery of the intestine after postnatal malnutrition. (Pediatr Res 20: 793-797, 1986) of pups at weaning. Brush border disaccharidases were also affected. Specific activities ofsucrase and maltase were lower and lactase was higher than controls. These results have been viewed as a delay in the "developmental clock" which is taken to be an inherent timing mechanism that determines the expression of the enzymes in question. Malnourished pups appear to resemble a lesser developed animal in terms of intestinal brush border disaccharidase activities.Whether the observed changes in the small intestine following immediate postnatal malnutrition are permanent or reversible with subsequent nutritional rehabilitation has not been examined. Furthermore, investigation into different modes of nutritional rehabilitation might reveal advantages associated with a particular feeding pattern.Previous workers have demonstrated that restricted feedings induce a more efficient absorption and metabolism of nutrients. Adult animals receiving restricted feeding schedules exhibit higher levels of disaccharidases (2, 3). They have been shown to possess higher levels of hepatic and adipose tissue enzymes involved with lipogenesis (4, 5) and increased absorption of glucose (6-9). Such a feeding mode thus may be advant...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Effect of Nutritional Rehabilitation on the Development of Intestinal Brush Border Disaccharidases of Postnatally Malnourished Weanling Rats

et al. 1986

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“…Several studies have suggested metabolic advantages, including possibly decreased adiposity, associated with consumption of frequent small meals compared with infrequent large ones. [43][44][45] Low-GI meals, by slowing the rates of nutrient absorption, may provide similar benefits.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Glycemic Index Foods, Overeating, and Obesity

et al. 1999

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ABSTRACT. Objective. The prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically in recent years. However, the role of dietary composition in body weight regulation remains unclear. The purpose of this work was to investigate the acute effects of dietary glycemic index (GI) on energy metabolism and voluntary food intake in obese subjects.Methods. Twelve obese teenage boys were evaluated on three separate occasions using a crossover study protocol. During each evaluation, subjects consumed identical test meals at breakfast and lunch that had a low, medium, or high GI. The high-and medium-GI meals were designed to have similar macronutrient composition, fiber content, and palatability, and all meals for each subject had equal energy content. After breakfast, plasma and serum concentrations of metabolic fuels and hormones were measured. Ad libitum food intake was determined in the 5-hour period after lunch.Results. Voluntary energy intake after the high-GI meal (5.8 megajoule [mJ]) was 53% greater than after the medium-GI meal (3.8 mJ), and 81% greater than after the low-GI meal (3.2 mJ). In addition, compared with the low-GI meal, the high-GI meal resulted in higher serum insulin levels, lower plasma glucagon levels, lower postabsorptive plasma glucose and serum fatty acids levels, and elevation in plasma epinephrine. The area under the glycemic response curve for each test meal accounted for 53% of the variance in food intake within subjects.Conclusions. The rapid absorption of glucose after consumption of high-GI meals induces a sequence of hormonal and metabolic changes that promote excessive food intake in obese subjects. Additional studies are needed to examine the relationship between dietary GI and long-term body weight regulation. American Heart Association, 7 and American Diabetes Association 8 currently advocate consumption of a low-fat diet in the prevention and treatment of obesity. Recently, however, the relationship between dietary fat and obesity has been questioned on several grounds 9 -11 including that both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses have failed to show a consistent association between dietary fat and body fat, 10,12,13 and that weight loss on low-fat diets is usually modest and transient. 9,14 In addition, and perhaps of particular significance, mean fat intake in the United States reportedly has decreased over the past 3 decades, from 42% to ϳ34% of dietary energy, 11,12,15,16 whereas the rate of obesity has continued to rise.Another dietary factor that may influence body weight is the glycemic index (GI). GI a is a property of carbohydrate-containing food that describes the rise of blood glucose occurring after a meal. 17 Foods that are rapidly digested and absorbed or transformed metabolically into glucose have a high GI. 18 -22 The GI of a meal is determined primarily by the amount of carbohydrate consumed and by other dietary factors affecting food digestibility, gastrointestinal motility, or insulin secretion (including carbohydrate type, food structure, fiber, protein, and fat). ...

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“…Still others (Hausberger and Milstein, 1955) have demonstrated lipogenic depression when high fat diets are fed. In view of the modifications arising from increased fat intake shown here, it would seem pertinent to study the effect on lipogenesis and fat deposition of meal feeding diets higher in fat than are commonly fed rats, especially with regard to hypotheses proposed by some (Hollifield and Parson, 1962;Cohn and Joseph, 1960) concerning the effect of eating patterns on human obesity. …”

Section: Section 4 Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Arctic Survival Rations. X. Diurnal Variations of Some Liver Constituents in Rats Fed Pemmican Meals

Vaughan¹,

Winders²

1963

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Diurnal variations in liver glycogen content and the activities of certain liver enzymes following 2-hour feeding periods were studied in trained-fed rats adapted to high-carbohydrate or carbohydrate-free diets. The results indicated that time after feeding a high-carbohydrate meal affected the activities of glucose-6-phosphatase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, but not glucose -6-phosphate dehydrogenase. These time-related changes were modified by meal-feeding the carbohydrate-free diet. Glycogen deposition following a carbohydrate-free meal indicated a rapid takeover of gluconeogenesis. PUBLICATION REVIEW

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Metabolic Adaptations to a “Stuff and Starve” Feeding Program. Ii. Obesity and the Persistence of Adaptive Changes in Adipose Tissue and Liver Occurring in Rats Limited to a Short Daily Feeding Period*

Cited by 139 publications

References 11 publications

Effect of Nutritional Rehabilitation on the Development of Intestinal Brush Border Disaccharidases of Postnatally Malnourished Weanling Rats

Effect of Nutritional Rehabilitation on the Development of Intestinal Brush Border Disaccharidases of Postnatally Malnourished Weanling Rats

High Glycemic Index Foods, Overeating, and Obesity

Arctic Survival Rations. X. Diurnal Variations of Some Liver Constituents in Rats Fed Pemmican Meals

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